Classification of Vibration

CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION Vibration can be classified in several ways. Some of the important classifications are as follows. †¢Free Vibration. If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the ensuing vibration is known as free vibration. No external force acts on the system. The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of free vibration. †¢Forced Vibration. If a system is subjected to an external force (often, a repeating type of force), the resulting vibration is known as forced vibration. The oscillation that arises in machines such as diesel engines is an example of forced vibration.If the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system, a condition known as resonance occurs, and the system undergoes dangerously large oscillations. Failures of such structures as buildings, bridges, turbines, and airplane wings have been associated with the occurrence of resonance. If no energy is lost or dis sipated in friction or other resistance during oscillation, the vibration is known as undamped vibration. If any energy is lost in this way, however, it is called damped vibration.In many physical systems, the amount of damping is so small that it can be disregarded for most engineering purposes. However, consideration of damping becomes extremely important in analyzing vibratory systems near resonance. If all the basic components of a vibratory system the spring, the mass, and the damper behave linearly, the resulting vibration is known as linear vibration. If, however, any of the basic components behave nonlinearly, the vibration is called nonlinear vibration. The differential equations that govern the behavior of linear and nonlinear vibratory systems are linear and nonlinear, respectively.If the vibration is linear, the principle of superposition holds, and the mathematical techniques of analysis are well developed. For nonlinear vibration, the superposition principle is not val id, and techniques of analysis are less well known. Since all vibratory systems tend to behave nonlinearly with increasing amplitude of oscillation, knowledge of nonlinear vibration is desirable in dealing with practical vibratory systems. If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion) acting on a vibratory system is known at any given time, the excitation is called deterministic.The resulting vibration is called as deterministic vibration. In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or random; the value of the excitation at a given time cannot be predicted. In these cases, a large collection of records of the excitation may exhibit some statistical regularity. It is possible to estimate averages such as the mean and mean square values of the excitation. Examples of random excitations are wind velocity, road roughness, and ground motion during earthquakes. If the excitation is random, the resulting vibration is called random vibration. Reference link: http://cla ssof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Mgmt 1

Project Charter Template GenRays HRIS System Project Charter GenRays 3/1/2012 Table of Contents Project Title Purpose Description Objective Success Criteria or Expected Benefits Funding Major Deliverables Acceptance Criteria Milestone Schedule Approval Requirements Project Manager Authorized by Project Title GenRays HRIS System Purpose Based upon stakeholder interviews the purpose for the HRIS system is to improve productivity, improve communication with potential employees, improve recruitment of qualified candidates, improve payroll efficiency processes, and improve overall Human Resource processes.Description The HRIS project will provide a significant boost to the overall human resources and payroll processes. By providing an automated online system for applications, potential candidates for positions may easily monitor the application process. In addition to this benefit, the updated employee database could be used to automatically fill out electronic forms and allow integration of multiple enhancements such as a leave system, employee training management, data reporting capabilities and employee monitored career paths. ObjectiveWe will work with the Information Technology, Human Resources, and Payroll departments to determine the best product that meets the needs of all units involved. By reviewing the available solutions and determining the overall expectations of the company as a whole, we may select a solution that provides for the expectations of those units. After the selection process we will work with the same units to configure the HRIS solution specifically for GenRays and the track the outcomes of the implementation. Success Criteria or Expected BenefitsImplementation of the HRIS System will address the following expectations:  ·Provide a career track for existing employees  ·Increase payroll process efficiency and productivity  ·Provide an online application solution with tracking capability  ·Provide more transparency in hiring  ·Pro vide enhanced review of job applicant credentials  ·Process payroll automatically  ·Process expense reports automatically  ·Enhance recruiting capabilities  ·Improve productivity in relation to electronic forms  ·Reduction of data entry error for payroll Provide a standard performance review system while reducing paperwork  ·Integrate performance reviews with a standard compensation schedule  ·Provide a standard position control system  ·Integrate performance reviews with training to evaluate training outcomes  ·Provide a leave management system  ·Provide an enhanced employee communication system  ·Reduce overall number of database systems managed Funding The funding for the HRIS project should be address by the VP of Finance. Generally, because the project supports that area most directly, the project ost should be assumed by that unit. It is possible that the CEO may be willing to fully fund the project due to his interest level. It is also possible that the project may be jointly funded with several units providing funding for their area of interest. For example, the HR unit may elect to absorb the cost of the HRIS system software license and associated internal personnel required for the project. Moreover, the IT unit may absorb the cost of the database migration and any human capital associated with the migration. Major Deliverables  ·Selection of HRIS Software Development of forecasted and estimated budget  ·Implementation of HRIS Software into test environment  ·Implementation of career tracking configuration  ·Implementation of payroll automation  ·Implementation of online applications  ·Implementation of performance review system  ·Implementation of employee communication system  ·Implementation of data analysis and reporting capabilities  ·Implementation of HRIS Software in production environment  ·Migration of existing data into database Acceptance Criteria  ·Selection of HRIS Software oReview of proposals and features of software.Selection by project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Development of forecasted and estimated budget oReview of proposals, human capital and budget allotments for procurement. Involving project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Implementation of HRIS Software into test environment oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Implementation of career tracking configuration Configuration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of payroll automation oConfiguration, training and testing by Accounting (payroll) and IT.  ·Implementation of online applications oConfiguration, training and testing by HR, Marketing and IT.  ·Implementation of performance review system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of employee commun ication system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of data analysis and reporting capabilities oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT. Implementation of HRIS Software in production environment o Implementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Migration of existing data into database oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit. Milestone Schedule  ·Selection of HRIS Software oReview of proposals and features of software. Selection by project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Development of forecasted and estimated budget oReview of proposals, human capital and budget allotments for procurement.Involving project stakeholders including CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers. Milestone 1 (Selection and Budgeting – February 1, 2013) – Approvals by CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers for HRIS selection and budget. From this point procurement of the HRIS solution and management of procurement begins.  ·Implementation of HRIS Software into test environment oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Implementation of career tracking configuration Configuration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of payroll automation oConfiguration, training and testing by Accounting (payroll) and IT.  ·Implementation of online applications oConfiguration, training and testing by HR, Marketing and IT.  ·Implementation of performance review system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of employee communication system oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.  ·Implementation of data analysis and reporting capabilities oConfiguration, training and testing by HR and IT.Milestone 2 – (Configuration and Tes ting – August 15, 2013) – Approval to move into the production environment after confirming configuration and expectations to be completed by CEO, VP Finance, VP Marketing, IT Director, HR Director, VP Manufacturing and Plant Managers.  ·Implementation of HRIS Software in production environment o Implementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.  ·Migration of existing data into database oImplementation of Software by solution provider and IT unit.Milestone 3 (Training – October 1, 2013) – Delivery of training to all employees utilizing the system. Milestone 34(Go Live – October 15, 2013) – Approval by IT unit that all features function correctly and are certified for quality. Approval Requirements Overall the assigned portions of the project need to be approved by the individual units as identified in the acceptance criteria section. Because individuals from the stakeholder areas are responsible for assisting in the configura tion and training portions of the project these areas will require approvals as they are completed.In addition, the overall project will require sign-off from all stakeholders in order to verify that expectations are met and we may implement into a production environment. In relation to change, a change management process will be put in place with direct approval coming from the Project Manager. The project manager will work to ensure that the expectations are reasonable, adhere to the scope, and are a technical feature of the selected HRIS solution. Once the project reaches the closing phase a final approval is required from the President and CEO indicating project completion. Project Manager Dara S. Fann Authorized by Date:

Art Mediums Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Research Paper

Art Mediums Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Water Color Painting - Research Paper Example The paper "Art Mediums Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Water Color Painting" discovers the Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Water Color Painting - four art mediums. Collage making involves a lot of creativity. Pieces can be put together in a number of ways to create two different types of collage; two dimensional collage, and three dimensional collage. When pieces of paper are glued on the canvas or base-board, we get a two dimensional look; this is a 2D collage. Three dimensional look or 3D collage is obtained when broken pieces of wood, glass, stones etc., are glued on a base-board or canvas. As early as 1912, some great artist such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris were already doing some amazing collage art. Just like any other form of art, collage is not difficult once you understand the technique and theme, it only becomes complex or simpler depending on what one as an artist is trying to achieve. Below are some sample collage artwork by some famous contemporary artists of the 20th century. Charcoal is undisputedly one of the oldest art materials so is charcoal drawing. Our ancestors used charcoal to draw on cave walls. Charcoal is very easy to manufacture and thus it is an essential artistic tool. Since it is made from selected woods in little or no oxygen conditions, charcoal as an artistic material is stable over a long period of time. However, charcoal has less color saturation when compared to other artistic materials. which have greater saturation but do not last long (Goldman 71). One major disadvantage of using is its dusting-off tendency. Despite this, charcoal drawing as an artistic medium is superb. The sensitivity and spontaneity of using charcoal as a drawing medium gives charcoal drawing an edge above the other drawing media (Fitzgerald 55-63). With charcoal drawing, very painterly drawings, as if done using a brush can be made. Charcoal drawing is so responsive, direct, and fast and is considered to be a less inhibiting medium. Charcoal drawing can produce both fluid and bold lines with greater host of textures as well as fine gradations for shadings. Several drawing techniques such as gestural drawing, contour drawing, and volume drawing can be used with charcoal. The soft nature of charcoal gives an artist a painterly feel. Charcoal is the only drawing medium which gives an artist the ability to imitate Chinese ink brush painting. This is because it is easy for an artist to imitate the contour lines o a Chinese painting in charcoal. With charcoal drawing, an artist is able to gesture without doing big shapes and getting down into detail. Just as many other drawing media, charcoal strongly responds to grain of the paper it is used on. Acrylic painting This painting medium is one of the newest. It was introduced as recent as 1955. Since its introduction, acrylic paintings have come a long way and now there is a wide-range of paints. Acrylic painting is a paint ing technique that offers both experienced and new artist a very flexible painting method. It is a water-based painting medium. The consistency and the usual texture of acrylic paintings is some-what similar to that of oil-paints. However, acrylics are available in a variety of densities unlike oils. They range from ink-like, very thin consistency that can be used in air brushes to various flow degree. This enables an artist to achieve 3Dlike effects (impasto). This

Accounting for Defined-Benefit Schemes under IAS 19, Segmental Research Paper

Accounting for Defined-Benefit Schemes under IAS 19, Segmental Reporting - Research Paper Example There were some recent changes made in IAS 19 during June 2011 by the IASB and it has a significant impact on the accounting procedures to be followed by the entities regarding defined benefit schemes in the form of pension funds. The time was just right for these changes to take place because it was long awaited by people for IASB to make such changes. One of such change in the accounting of defined benefit plans is the recognition of changes in pension-related liabilities or assets to the immediate effect. Only Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) will include the actuarial profit or loss of an entity now. Previously there was another option of including such profit or loss in the income statement or making use of corridor approach by allowing deferred recognition of such profits and losses. This change can have a significant effect on the entities using the corridor approach by increasing the volatility in its balance sheets. The recent revision of IAS 19 reduces the complexity regarding the requirement of different accounting treatments to be followed in case of amendments in the plan or its curtailment. The accounting treatment of service costs in past whether it is vested or unvested is now aligned together. Costs related to defined benefit schemes are now required to be segregated into three different components, namely, service costs which should be presented in profit and loss statement, finance cost which includes the net interest of liability of defined benefit schemes and re-measurements that are to be included in OCI.

Alienation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alienation - Essay Example Most significantly, the novel depicts the unexpected entrance of Peter Walsh who was an old friend and former suitor of Clarissa. Their meeting reflects a mixture of happiness and tension as Clarissa wonders why she married Richard Dalloway instead of Peter Walsh who was her suitor. The novel also revolves around the story of Septimus Warren Smith, a shell-shocked World War I veteran who suffered from the war and later committed suicide. The novel presents the topic of alienation in many dimensions. Alienation depicts a sense of emotional isolation between individuals or groups within a given community. Indeed, we can sense a feeling of emotional isolation as Peter Walsh feels desperate over his unfulfilling life. This results from the fact that his friends and former suitors have moved on with their lives. Indeed, Peter Walsh was Clarissa’s suitor but Clarissa chose to marry Richard because of his social class. This shows that Peter Walsh suffers from social alienation. As a result, Peter Walsh cries as he regrets losing Clarissa and desperately asks her if she really loves Richard. More so, Peter Walsh’s social alienation manifests where he fails to establish and maintain any stable romantic relationship (Woolf 42-44). Indeed, despite the social world requiring one to make concrete decisions, Peter alienates himself from the social world by lacking the capacity to decide what he feels. As such, he results to talking to himself, which depicts social isolation. On the other hand, we can identify social alienation from the story of Septimus Warren Smith, a shell-shocked World War I veteran. Indeed, Septimus alienated himself from the physical world by constantly residing in the internal world where he talks with his friend Evans who died in the war. He is emotionally numb and encounters deep madness and crazy hallucinations where he sees and hears unreal things that a normal person cannot witness. This is a deviation from the norms and reflects soc ial alienation. In fact, in the social world, people communicate in the real world and not in the internal world as Septimus does. Furthermore, Septimus' presence in the novel is alienation, as he does not relate with any of the other main characters. Ultimately, Septimus suffers the consequences of alienation as he commits suicides after a light moment of joy with his wife. Indeed, Septimus decided in his internal world that he will not go with the doctors to a mental institution and opts to die (Woolf 36-42). This depicts social alienation as people do not commit suicide in the social world but wait for their natural death. More so, we experience Lucrezia’s emotional alienation, as she miserably misses Italy and is tired of taking her husband to various soulless doctors. This depicts social isolation, as the other characters are seemingly comfortable in this place. More so, the novel depicts Clarissa’s alienation from the social world. Indeed, Clarissa’s urge to pay attention to every guest  alienates her from enjoying her evening party. We can see her wishing that she could get some time to talk to Sally and Peter but she is too busy with the other guests. Indeed, Clarissa sought to enjoy her evening party but the events happening during the party hinders her form such enjoyment. This is despite the fact that other people attending the party derive full enjoyment from the party.

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example The Barack Obama â€Å"Hope† poster is trying to sell him as the best president for America. The words used in the poster portray him as a candidate in whom America can find solace and base hopes. However, there is more to the poster than just what meets the eye. In the year 2008, America was facing one of its worst moment. The poster portrayed Obama as what America needed to get back to its feet. He was the hope and source of optimism for a better America. The variety of solid colors used in the poster represented all the races in America. It sold him as being a president who represented all the races equally. Thus, the advert does not focus on the candidate; rather, it targets the feelings of the electorate about optimism and views of multiracialism. ‘’We can do it† poster was trying to sell the idea to women that they could also join the Second World War. However, the poster is acting as a platform to promote feminism. It has a message that communicates to women to arise and shine. They are encouraged to take up the challenging tasks through the message displayed and the use of an image of a woman. Old Spice advertisement is trying to sell the body wash. However, it is interesting because it sends the message that everything is possible when a man uses Old Spice. The man is portrayed to have a good body and wealthy. Every woman desires this type of a person and, therefore, most will buy the product for their men. This form of communication can lead to some ethical issues. They include sexism and feminism, for example, the Old Spice advertisement. It has objectified men and most would struggle to look like the man in it to make them attractive. If it were a female half-naked, it would have lead to a lot of reaction from the public therefore promoting

French Politics and Public Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

French Politics and Public Policy - Case Study Example An examination of the theoretical and ideological apparatuses that precipitated this political shift along with a presentation of cultural and political events that led to a realignment of political strategies of the two parties will be followed by an inquiry into the organizational and leadership practices and beliefs of the two groups. The subsequent analysis of the ebb and flow of the respective fortunes of the PS and PCF should reveal that the Political Left in France has operated under a "Coalition as Rivalry"2 paradigm to the ultimate benefit of the PS and the seemingly irrecoverable detriment of the PCF. Forming out of the Section Francaise de I'lnternationale Ouvriere (SFIO) in 1905, the Socialist Party was cobbled together with an uneasy mix of Marxists, members of worker's parties, revolutionaries and reformists.3 The uneasiness of this arrangement eventually led to a splintering of the "feeble" alliance and at the 1920 Congress of Tour, what was to become the PCF was formed.4 The rather hard ideological line of the PCF illustrated by the slogan, "sovietization outrance" is indicative of the affiliation that French Communists had at the time with Soviet Politburo.5 The Socialists and Communists did briefly come together in an unofficial capacity, along with the radicals in a mid-1930's movement known as the Popular Front. That coalition was interrupted by WWII. After WWII, much of the left was united against Gaullism though nevertheless splintered over the issue of Algerian Independence. The start of the Fifth Republic saw perpetuation of the orthodox commitments of the Communist Party in France despite growing dissention among the ranks in the European left. These parties, including ones in Britain, Italy, and Hungary were experiencing a mass exodus of party faithful and a philosophical crisis of faith. The PCF however remained nominally loyal to their Leninist-Stalinist roots, exemplified by their indignation and recrimination of the "Khrushchev Thaw."6 The SFIO, beginning at the end of the Fourth Republic and continuing into the Fifth Republic, struggled to define itself ideologically between centrist factions and the committed PCF, and as such saw a steady decline through the 1950s and 1960s.7 Despite attempts by SFIO to form alliances and create coalitions with the Radicals and remaining non-Communist remnants of the Popular Front, 1969 saw electoral disaster when Gaston Defferre, the newly formed PS candidate for president received less than 5% of the electoral vote.8 The French Left overall suffered losses in the National Assembly throughout the first two post-war decades, representing 60% of the vote in 1945 to just under 40% in 1968. Figure 19 The primary issue for the Left and specifically for the Communists was motivating its constituents in the economically and politically stable milieu of Gaullist France.10 As one commentator described it, "What is certain is that the France of 1968 does not seem able to give itself the luxury of a political

Position Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Position Analysis - Essay Example In addition, when children get access to guns, it is dangerous in that during their playtime, and they might end up killing others thinking that they are just playing Gun control is ineffective in reducing crime. Research has countless times revealed through their historical, econometric, and criminological studies that gun control does not reduce crime, yet the advocates of gun control fail to recognize these results. Instances of youth brutality utilizing weapons were pointedly expanding. This exploration presumed that between 1985-1998 instances of youth brutality expanded by 154%. Weapon control by age is very important since people in this age tend to be very violent and aggressive. This is attributed to early onset of forceful youth practices and poor child rearing as a percentage of the explanations behind expanded youth wrongdoings. Specifically, the events of the Aurora, Colorado Theater shooting alongside the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre have galvanized public opinion on both sides of the issue (Agresti and Reid, n.p). The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution sought to convey individual gun rights to the citizen. Although the law has long been interpreted to mean just this, the fact of the matter is that when one reads the Second Amendment from a literalist perspective. It is quite clear that the Second Amendment is speaking to the needs of the states and individual regions of the newly formed United States to form a militia as a means of protecting the Republic. In such a way, the Second Amendment can and should be interpreted as little more than admission from the Federal government that it promises not to infringe upon the rights of the militias (National Guard and Army Reserves) to maintain a stock of weaponry for the purpose of defense and securing the borders of the new nation. This particular argument hinges upon interpretation of

Hurrican Katrinia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hurrican Katrinia - Essay Example aled to both the contractors who designed and built the wall as well as the Army Corps Engineers the nature of the weak layer of soft soil that made the base of the floodwall’s steel piling foundation. In addition, the primary design for the steel sheet foundation for the walls indicated a suggested depth of 10 feet having the calculations made with wall base at 12.8 feet. Furthermore, a New Orleans engineer claimed that the depth was later on increased to a depth of up to 17 feet. Nonetheless, although the corps maintained their claim that the wall depth was 17 feet, investigations carried out by a forensic engineering group from Louisiana State University by use of sonar revealed that the piling sheets were 10 feet (Shrum, 2014). Also, investigations of the constructions on the Industrial Canal and London Avenue levees showed that they were below the stated standards. Other reports indicated that homeowners along the 17th Street Canal close to where the site of breach appear ed had previously reported about a constant leakage from the canal that flooded their yards a year before the Hurricane Katrina. Therefore, aside from the fact that the storm heave formed remarkable subterranean pressures under the floodwalls making the soil under the sheet weaker structural problems in the walls played a role as well (Shrum, 2014). Poor levee maintenance was another underlying factor, whereby, investigations suggest that a probable trigger of the breach on the 17th Street Canal levee may be due to a fallen large oak tree planted rather too close to the levee base. In addition, on the London Avenue Canal, burrowing animals had formed enormous through-ways that undermined the already weakened foundations. Therefore, the local levee boards responsible for maintaining had not done their work as they should have. In addition, the destruction of cypress trees and various vegetations that had previously grew in the brackish waters in the intersection between the Gulf of Mexico

John F. Kennedy, the Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John F. Kennedy, the Film - Essay Example Kennedy. Overtime, there have been numerous theories and wild speculation as to what and who was really behind the events of that fateful day. Some of these are brought out in Oliver Stone’s 1991 film, JFK. In this movie, the producer outlines some of the events following the infamous assassination through his eyes. It is a film that has been met with a great deal of criticism, with critics dismissing Oliver as a conspiracy peddler. This essay examines some of the controversy surrounding the movie and outlines the criticisms advanced against it. In the film, the primary theory advanced by Oliver Stone is that the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, did not act alone. Following the murder of John Kennedy, there were brisk investigations into the occurrence. Earl Warren, the then Supreme Court Justice presided over the hearings. In the end, the commission drew the conclusion that Lee Oswald did, in fact carry out the assassination by himself (Knight, 62). For this reason, it does not c ome as a surprise that there is controversy surrounding the suggestion by Oliver Stone that Lee Oswald was just a pawn in the plot to assassinate the president. In the movie, Oliver Stone brings out the conspiracy angle, arguing that there were many people that wanted to see the president dead, including the Mafia, the next president, Lyndon Baines Johnson, and the CIA (Stone â€Å"JFK).

Managerial economics Essay Example for Free

Managerial economics Essay 1. If a firm raises its price for Product X, TR will increase. Uncertain, Total revenue = Price Ãâ€" Quantity Sold. The price elasticity of demand tells us there are two eï ¬â‚¬ects, first is price eï ¬â‚¬ect. If price increase, each unit sold sells for a higher price, which tends to raise revenue. Second is quantity eï ¬â‚¬ect. If price increase, fewer units are sold, which tends to lower revenue. This is determines by which price eï ¬â‚¬ect or the quantity eï ¬â‚¬ect is stronger 2. When MR MC, MP (marginal profit) will be positive.  True, for each unit sold, marginal profit equals marginal revenue (MR) minus marginal cost (MC). Then, if MR is greater than MC at some level of output, marginal profit is positive and thus a greater quantity should be produced. 3. If a 10% increase in price leads to a 5% increase in TR, demand must be elastic. False, if an increase in price causes an increase in total revenue, then demand can be said to be inelastic, since the increase in price does not have a large impact on quantity demanded. 4. If the cross price elasticity is positive for two goods X and Y, X and Y must be complements. False, if the goods are complements, the value will be negative because quantity demanded increases when the price of complement falls. Example, if the price of petrol decreases to RM2 a litre, sales of cars would increase. 5. Maximizing TR is never a desirable goal for a firm.  True, profit is the difference between a firms total revenue and its total opportunity cost. Total revenue is the amount of income earned by selling products. But it does not include the total opportunity costs of all inputs into the production process. Hence, it is never a desirable goal for a firm. Firm should consider maximizing Profit instead of TR. 6. The more inelastic the demand, the more likely it is that a firm can have regular price increases. True, if firm have regular increase in price (refer to Appendix 1) from P4 to P5, the decrease in the quantity demanded is relatively small (from Q4 to Q5). It means that, the more inelastic the  demand, the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change price. Hence, firm can have regular price increases. 7. If EP = -1.25 for Group A, and EP = -.375 for Group B, and a firm uses price discrimination, Group A should pay a higher price than Group B. False, Group A is elastic and Group B is inelastic. The consumers in the inelastic sub-market will be charged the higher price, and those in the elastic sub market will be charged the lower price. So Group B should pay higher price. Please refer to Appendix 2 for illustration. 8. A consumer spends 1% of her income on Good A and 25% on Good B. Price Elasticity of Demand should be greater for Good B. True, if the consumer spends less of her income, means that Good A is a necessity good and spends more of her income means that Good B is a luxury good. Luxuries tend to more elastic than necessities as there are more options for consumer. 9. Income elasticity for an inferior good is always negative. True, because quantity demand falls as income rises. Quantity demanded and income move opposite directions, inferior goods have negative elasticity. 10. The more inelastic the demand, the flatter the demand curve. False, inelastic demand have steeper curve because quantity demanded does not respond strongly to price changes. Please refer to Appendix 3 for illustration. For a inelastic demand product such as cigarettes, when price increase by 10%, the quantity demanded will fall by 3.8%. 11. If demand goes from P = 1850 .05Q to P = 1700 .05Q, Demand has increased. False. If P = 1850 .05Q then Qd= 37000-20P and if P = 1700 .05Q, then Qd= 34000-20P. The demand curve shift to left and hence, the demand decreases. Please refer to Appendix 4 for illustration 12. If TC goes from TC = 1250 + .5Q to TC = 1200 + .6Q, FC have gone up and VC have gone down. False, because TC=TFC+TVC. From the equation above shows that, the FC decreases leads TFC to fall from 1250 to 1200 and the VC increases leads TVC to gone up from 0.5 to 0.6. Part B (Explain in a short Essay (not more than 1 page each)) 1) Define demand, discuss various determinants of demand. Demand is the quantities of good or service that consumers are willing to buy at various prices within some given period of time. Holding all other factors constant, the price of a good or service increases as its demand increases and vice versa. When factors other than price changes, demand  curve will shift. There are 5 determinants of the demand curve. First factor is price of related goods. A good or service can be related to another by being a substitute or complement. If price of a substitute changes, we expect the demand for the good under consideration to change in the same direction as the change in the substitute’s price. For instance, if the price of coffee rises, the demand for tea should increase. The complement goods are the goods that can be used together. Price of complement and demand for the other good are negatively related. Example, if the price of sugar increases, the demand for coffee will fall. Second factor is income, as people’s income rises, it is reasonable to expect their demand for a good to increase and vice versa, the demand curve will shift right. A fall in income will lead to a decrease in demand for normal goods. Goods whose demand varies inversely with income are called inferior goods. Third determinant is future expectation. If enough, buyers expect the price of a good rises in future, the current demand will increase. Also, if consumers’ current demand will increase, they expect higher future income. For example, in 2005 housing prices rose, but people bought more because they expected the price to continue to go up. This drove prices even further, until the bubble burst in 2006 (Stafffullcoll.edu. n.d.). Forth factor is tastes and preferences. This is the desire, emotion, or preference for a good or service. If consumer preference is favorable change will leads to an increase in demand. Likewise, unfavorable change leads to a decrease in demand. Example, companies spend thousands on advertising to make you feel strongly that you want a product. Last determinant is number of buyer. If the number of buyers in market rises, the demand increases. For example, the housing bubble case. Low-cost mortgages increased the number of people who were told they could afford a house. The number of buyers actually increased, driving up the demand for housing. When they found they really couldnt afford the mortgage, especially when housing prices started to fall, they foreclosed. This reduced the number of buyers, and demand also fell. 2) Briefly explain the concept of Law of diminishing returns? Discuss its assumption and importance? The law of diminishing marginal returns means that the productivity of a variable input declines as more is used  in short-run production, holding one or more inputs fixed. This law has a direct behavior on market supply, the supply price, and the law of supply. The main reasons the marginal product (MP) of this variable input declines is the fixed input. The fixed input imposes a capacity constraint on short-run production. For example, in a sandwich production, the size of the sandwich-producing kitchen and equipment is fixed. The company employs additional workers, the kitchen becomes increasingly crowded. Only so many workers can use the sandwich-preparation counter to prepare sandwich. While adding additional workers do increase total sandwich production, the extra production attributable to these workers is certain to fall as the capacity of the fixed input is limited. In fact, adding too many workers actually results in a negative marginal product, hence, total product falls. The law of diminishing marginal returns is reflected in the shapes and slopes of the total product, marginal product, and average product curves. The most important of these being the negative slope of the marginal product curve. Appendix 5 shows the graph three product curves. The total product (TP) curve shows that the total number of Sandwich Company produced per hour for a given amount of labor. The increasingly flatter slope of the TP is attributable to the law of diminishing marginal returns. Also, the marginal product curve indicates how the total production of Sandwich Company changes when an extra worker is hired. The negatively-sloped portion of the MP curve is a direct embodiment of the law of diminishing marginal returns. Further, the average product curve indicates the average number of Sandwich Company produced by workers. The negatively-sloped portion of the AP curve is indirectly caused by the law of diminishing marginal returns. As marginal product declines, due to the law of diminishing marginal returns, it also causes a decrease in average product. 3) Explain the various economies and diseconomies of scale? Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding the scale of production. The effect is to reduce the long run average (unit) costs of production. Economies of scale have brought down the unit costs of production and feeding through to lower prices for consumers (appendix 6). It could be achieved by buying new machinery, and build a bigger factory. There are two types of economy of scale and depending on the particular characteristics of an industry, some are more important than others. Firstly, internal economies of scale are a  product of how efficient a firm is at producing, that is specific to individual firm. Example, advantages are enjoyed by expansion. Next, external economies of scale occur outside of a firm but within an industry. Example, industry’s scope of operations expand due to better transportation network, will result a decrease in cost for a company working within industry, , external economies of scale have been achieved. Diseconomies of scale are the forces that cause larger firms to produce goods and services at increased per unit costs. The concept is the opposite of economies of scale to a situation which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased (appendix 6). When a firm expands its production scale beyond a certain level, it suffers certain disadvantages. These disadvantages are called internal diseconomies of scale. The result of these diseconomies of scale is a fall run average cost. There are a number of factors that might give rise to inefficiencies as the size of the firm grows. As the size of the firm grows beyond a certain level, organization, control and planning is needed. This makes the managerial responsibilities more difficult. Delegation of the management functions to lower personnel becomes very common. Since the lower personnel lack the adequate experience to undertake the task, it may result in low output at higher cost. All these lead to an increase in the long-run average cost. Further, the external diseconomies of scale are beyond the control of a company increases its total costs, as output in the rest of the industry increases. The increase in costs can be associated with market prices increasing for some or all of the factors of production. For instance, high competition for labor, when there is more firms in industry, there will be increased demand for labor, making the best workers harder to keep (Keat and Young, 2009). References Stafffullcoll.edu. n.d. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND. [online] Available at: http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/fchan/macro/1determinants_of_demand.htm [Accessed: 28 Mar 2014]. Keat, P.G. and Young, P.K.Y., 2009 ‘Managerial Economics: 6th ed. Economic Tools for Today’s Decision Makers’. Pg. 266-268

Mis Wintergear Case Study Essay Example for Free

Mis Wintergear Case Study Essay MIS 2301 Winter Gear Distribution Case Study wPlaces order Confirm order and delivery date, issues invoice  confirms invoice  fulfills order and ships goods  follow up delivery conditions met, and payment received wPlaces order Confirm order and delivery date, issues invoice  confirms invoice  fulfills order and ships goods  follow up delivery conditions met, and payment received Winter Gear Distribution Winter Gear Distribution FastFit FastFit 1. WGB WGB FastFit FastFit 2. A single personnel computer A single personnel computer Sales Sales scanner scanner Operations Operations Arrows| Flow of operation| 1| FastFit places order with sales personnel over the phone | 2| Sales manually completes paper order forms and sends confirmation to Fastfit for each order and their delivery dates| 3| FastFit confirms for orders to be filled| 4| Operations fills and ships orders to Fastfit| 5| Accounting issues invoice to FastFit| 6| FastFit fulfills payment as agreed| LAN with 4 personal computers, printer, and file server LAN with 4 personal computers, printer, and file server IBM ASA 400 system with 3 CRT-terminals IBM ASA 400 system with 3 CRT-terminals Accounting Accounting WAN to connect departments WAN to connect departments 3. If customers call and ask for the status of their orders, the answer would generally be simple because the order can be labeled as processing, fulfilled, shipped, or delivered. If the customer wanted more details, and depending on the tracking systems that the company uses, they may or may not be able to give them the general location of the order (UPS map tracking). Companies would general want to fulfill orders in a timely fashion, so pushing orders out of warehouses would be recorded and their status updated, therefore, it is not much of a business problem. 4. Errors in filling orders are likely because, for example, for ordering online, a customer can general edit shipment addresses, or items in their cart while the order has still not been shipped. If the company operated like WGD and had no communication between their departmental systems, confusion on the  what, where, and how much of a customer’s order can be messed up or not reflect the changes. Aside from the er rors of processing orders, delivery can have errors as well, such as late deliveries or deliveries to the wrong addresses. The business impact is that customers will be dissatisfied and frustrated due to the inefficiency of the supplier company. They will complain about the timeliness, or operation of a company which would harm the company’s reputation and possibly decrease revenues. Bad reviews by customers can lose a company’s past customers or ward away new ones. 5. Steps | Time elapsed | Customer places order with WGD| ~30-60 mins (over the phone, not very time consuming)| WGD processes order | ~1 day (must check inventory, input order into system)| WGD sends confirmation of order and delivery dates| ~within 1 day (email, digitally)| WGD fulfills and ships order| ~2 days (packages order, checks it over, updates order system input, ships out)| Customer receives shipment| ~3-4 days (delivery is most time consuming but since standard delivery is 5-8 days, fulfillment and delivery add up to about 5 if in U.S)| WGD issues invoice | Occurs during delivery| Customer fulfills payment| Varies, can be immediately or with a payment plan| WGD can likely ship an order within about 2-3 days but delivery time will be between 5-8 days. This is not a business problem because most companies operate similarly with standard delivery times, however, WGD can improve their efficiency, reduce errors, and increase customer satisfaction if they updated their systems to be interconnected and more modern technology. 6. A scanner in the Sales Department would reduce the time needed to manually input process forms. A WAN network would also be useful because it would connect the Sales, Operations, and Accounting Departments despite being in different buildings; this decreases error probability and increases efficiency in processing, fulfillment, and shipment. ( See red figures in diagram in Q2 for changes in technology to WGD).

Inroduction To Companies Etisalat Lanka Business Essay

Inroduction To Companies Etisalat Lanka Business Essay As a consultant of leading management consultancy I am going to do a brief research on the organizations and behavior section. To do this assignment I have selected two companies in the telecommunication industry. One is Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD which is based in Abu Dhabi and operating in 18 countries including Sri Lanka and second company is Lanka Bell Services PVT LTD which is operated only in Sri Lanka. So in this assignment I am going to discuss briefly in their organizations structure and culture areas, and also I am going to discuss about the current leadership styles of the companies. INRODUCTION TO COMPANIES Etisalat Lanka (PVT)(LTD) Sri Lankas first Cellular networks, then called Celltel inaugurated its operations in 1989. A brand name change was done on the 25th of January 2007 and thereafter named Tigo and this was transformed with Milicom disposing its Asian operations. They are now a company fully owned and operated by the giant Emirates Telecommunication Corporation in UAE. It has extended operations to Asian markets such as India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia and now Sri Lanka, recording over 100 million subscribers across 18 countries offering opportunities for synergy with their other operations in the region. Etisalat officially commenced its operations in Sri Lanka on the 25th of February 2010. Lanka bell limited Lanka Bell is a telecommunication operator that provides full range of telecommunication service to business and residential customers in Sri Lanka. With the recent introduction revolutionary low cost CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology, Lanka Bell continues to expand its robust modern digital network that currently specializes in internet, data and voice services. Lanka Bell was formed in 1997 as the single largest BOI Company in Sri Lanka. It was subsequently acquired by the privately held diversified conglomerate Milford Holdings (Private) Limited in 2005. Lanka Bell remains firmly rooted in Sri Lanka as a telecommunications giant that continues to challenge the industry through its unparalleled portfolio of services. SECTION 01 The organizations structure and culture Lanka Bell and Etisalat Etisalat and Lanka bell both are running in the telecommunication industry so most of the factors in the culture and structure are same. They both are using functional organizational structure 1.1 Organization structure of Lanka Bell Services (PVT) (LTD) Finance Director SalesMarkt. Board of Directors Chairman Managing Director Customer Service Depart. Technical Mang. HR Admin GM Technical Operation Assistant manager Senior manager General Manager -HR Marketing manager Business Analysis Manager HR Manager- Revenue Assurance DGM control /MIS Area Sales Managers Sales Executives HR Assistants Billing staff Director Internal accountant Director Manager- credit control Director Senior service executives Director Trainer GM IT teams Associates clerical Supervisors Director Customer care Executives Director Internal accountant Director Billing staff Director Organization structure of Etisalat Lanka (PVT) (LTD) 1.3 Organizations culture at Lanka bell and Etisalat There are many definitions for organizational culture but a popular and simple way of defining culture is how things are done around here A more detailed definition is : The collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organization (Atkinson) There are four g types of culture such as: Power culture, Role culture, Task culture and person culture. As both companies are in the telecommunication industry and also both companies are larger companies in Sri Lanka they are following the Role culture. What is Role Culture? Role culture stereotyped as a bureaucracy and works by logic and rationality. Role culture rests on the strength of strong organizational pillars the functions of specialists in, for e.g.; finance, purchasing and production. The work of, and interaction between the pillars is controlled by procedures and rules and coordinated by the pediment of senior managers. Role or job description is more important than the individual and position is the main source of power. (Laurie J. Mullins 8th edition) So role culture is Common in most organizations today. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular role. The role culture has the benefit of specialization. Employees focus on their particular role as assigned to them by their job description and this should increase productivity for the company. This culture is quite logical to organize in a large organization. Different dimensions of organizations culture in Etisalat and Lanka Bell Profit Orientation In Etisalat and Lanka Bell profit orientation is law because their main target is to give a best service to their customers, they are concerning highly on customer satisfaction and delight People Orientation People orientation is high in Etisalat because they are paying high salary to their staffs and they are also paying special incentives according to their performance, their working environment is very pleasant, they are organizing get to gather parties and motivational programs for their employees but in Lanka Bell People orientation is Law. Team Orientation Team Orientation is high in Etisalat because its employees prefer to work in groups rather in individuals to achieve their sales targets. So team orientation will lead the company to increase their sales. But in Lanka Bell team orientation is Low where their employees are prefer to work as individuals Innovation Innovation is high in Etisalat they are coming with new products quickly, they starts with prepaid connection, after that came with postpaid, launched 3G, broadband and they are going to launch Etisalat TV. But in Lanka Bell it is very low they are rely only in CDMA connection ] Mission statement of Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD To extend peoples reach. At Etisalat, we are actively developing advanced networks that will enable people to develop, to learn and to grow Vision statement of Etisalat Lanka PVT LTD A world where people reach is not limited by matter or distance. People will effortlessly move around the world, staying in touch with family, making new friends as they go, as well as developing new interests. Businesses of all sizes, no longer limited by distance, will be able to reach new markets. Innovative technologies will open up fresh opportunities across the globe, allowing the supply of new goods and services to everyone who wants them. Vision statement of Lanka Bell Be Sri Lankas premier next generation communication Information Technology solutions provider Mission statement of Lanka Bell To provide innovative next generation technological solutions by identifying and meeting customer needs better than any other industry player, while maximizing the growth of our business for the benefit if our stakeholders Impacts and relationships of two companies through their structure and culture Performance for two companies through their structure and culture How organizational theories underpins the practice of management The different approaches used by the management of both companies There many approaches used by the both companies those are : Human relations approach Systems approach Contingency approach Human Relations approach The main emphasis of the classical writers was on structure and the formal organization, but during the 1920,s the years of the great depression, greater attention began to be paid to the social factors at work and to the behavior of employees within an organization that is, to human relations. Human relations approach Emphasized importance of human attitudes, values and relationships for the efficient and effective functioning of work organizations. Systems approach The classical approach emphasized the technical requirement of the organizations and its needs-organizations without people the human relations approaches emphasized the psychological and social aspects, and the consideration of human- needs- people without organizations Attention is focus on the total work organization and the inter relationships of structure and behavior. Productivity is viewed as a function of the interplay among people, structure, and the environment. The organization is a complex social and technical open system that requires human, financial, and material resources. Contributions of Systems Approach To Management:- Under systems approach, managers have a good view of the organization.It gives importance to interdependence of the different parts of an organization and its environment. It foretastes consequences and plans actions. A system thinking warns managers against adopting piecemeal approach to the problem-solving Contingency Approach The contingency approach to organization developed as a reaction to the idea that there are universal principles for designing organizations, motivating staff etc. newer research suggested that different forms of organizational structure could be equally successful. (Class Notes) The contingency approach, which can be seen as an extension of the systems approach, highlights possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of the organization structures and systems of management. (Laurie J. Mullins 8th edition) The organizations structure must be matched to its environment to enhance performance. The optimal form of an organization is contingent on the circumstances faced by that organization including patients, third-party payers, regulators, and personnel. Section 02 Different leadership styles that Etisalat and Lanka Bell are following: Definition Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which typically behaves towards members of the group. Both companies are using the Democratic style, and Laissez- faire (Genuine) style because of marketing growth and due to the size of the company, for which the autocratic style is not suitable to follow in the telecommunication industry. Democratic style is where the focus is more with the group as a whole, and there is greater interaction within the group. The leader ship functions are shared with the members of the group and the manager is more part of a team. Laissez- faire (Genuine) style is where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own. The manager consciously makes a decision to pass the focus of power to members, to allow them freedom of action to do as they think best, and not to interfere but is readily available if help is needed. There is often confusion over the style of leadership behavior. Analysis of different leadership styles and their effectiveness The democratic leader works with the group to help members to come to their own decisions, the Laissez- faire leader leaves the group alone to do whatever it wants. Both styles are good for both the companies, because there are number of teams, and departments, in both companies. Therefore the democratic style will suite certain departments and teams, when there is a situation where the team members are unable to make a good decision, compared to the Laissez- faire style which will be applicable to departments and teams who are able to make effective decisions rather than relying on the managers decisions. Effectiveness of Democratic Style Risk is low. Managers have experience in making effective decisions; therefore this reduces the risk of making bad or wrong choices. If the ideas are going to be open for everyone, then everyone needs to feel comfortable enough to put their ideas on the table. So there are lots of ideas will generated It takes advantage of the knowledge and expertise of individuals in different areas, for high quality, flexible decision making. Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities. Staff likes the trust they receive and respond with cooperation, team spirit, and high morale increasing. Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance. Allows staff to establish goals Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted Effectiveness of Laissez- faire (Genuine) style The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible so it motivates employees. In the telecommunication sector there are lots of sales team so, those teams can do their own works to achieve their own goals, this will increase the sales All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Employees are involved in decisions. This encourages motivation through greater interest and involvement so new ideas are generated. The free reign approach can prove an effective type of leadership when the team has achieved identity and cohesion, resulting in motivated and resourceful team members. In such situations, the sharing of authority and minimal direction empowers team members. Impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation of employees of Etislat and Lanka Bell when they face the technological breakthrough When there is a technological breakthrough that has taken place last week affecting the companies, and the industry as whole, a democratic style leader could consider the following actions to motivate the employees: Introducing the main goal of the given project Encourage team members to communicate openly, honestly and continuously Members should be made aware of the companys economical structure and growth to help them think and produce ideas that are more applicable to the company. Arranging a brainstorming session to collect new ideas to compete with the breakthrough. The ideas collected through the brainstorming session have to go through the new product development process in order to face the new technological breakthrough. Increasing the working hours, and pay the employees more for working overtime. Should produce special incentives according to their performance SECTION 03 3.1 DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES FOR LANKA BELL Maslows hierarchy of need theory A useful starting point is the work of Maslow and his theory of individual development and motivation published originally in 1943. Maslows basic preposition is that people wanting beings. They always want more, and what they want depends on what they already have. He suggests that human needs are arranged in a series of levels, a hierarchy of importance. (Mullins, pg 257, 8th Ed. 2007). In this motivation theory Maslow has identified the human needs in five main levels. From at the lowest level physiological needs, through safety needs, love needs and esteem needs, to the need for self-actualization. 450px-Maslows_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png Image 01. Maslows hierarchy of need model Herzbergs two-factor theory The Two-factor theory (also known as  Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory  and  Dual-Factor Theory) states that there are certain factors in the  workplace  that cause  job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. Herzbergs original study consisted of interviews with 203 accounts and engineers, chosen because of their growing importance in the business world from different industries in the Pittsburgh area of America. He used the critical incident method. Subjects were asked to relate times when they felt exceptionally good or exceptionally bad about their present job or any previous jobs, they were asked to give reasons and a description of the sequence of events giving rise to that feeling. Responses to the interviews were generally consistent and revealed that there were two different sets of factors affecting motivation and work. This led to the two-factor theory of motivation and job satisfaction. (Mullins, pg 261, 8th Ed. 2007). images.jpg Vrooms expectancy theory The model of motivation of Vrooms expectancy theory, particularly as it was extended by Porter and Lawler and supplemented by several other theories. Expectancy theory is a broad theory of motivation that attempts to explain the determinants of workplace attitudes and behaviors. The three major concepts underline expectancy theory are those of Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy, which form VIE theory. Valance: Valance is a measure of the attraction a given outcome holds for an individual, or the satisfaction the person anticipates receiving from a particular outcome. Instrumentality: Instrumentality is a persons belief about the relationship between performing an action and experiencing an outcome. Determining peoples instrumentalities is important because their desire to perform a particular action is likely to be strong only when both valance and instrumentality are perceived as acceptably high. Expectancy: Expectancies are beliefs regarding the link between making an effort and actually performing well whereas knowledge about valances and instrumentalities tells us what an individual wants to do. We cannot know what the individual will try to do without knowing the persons expectancies. Conclusion Expectancy theory thus defines motivation in terms of desire and effort whereby the achievement of desired outcomes results from the interaction of valances, instrumentalities, and expectancies. Desire comes about only when both valance and instrumentality are high, and effort comes about only when all three are high. 4. Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor: McGregor, in his book The Human side of Enterprise states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. After viewing the way in which the manager dealt with employees, McGregor concluded that a managers view of the nature of human beings is based Under the assumptions of theory X: Employees inherently do not like work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. Because employees dislike work, they have to be forced, coerced or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. Employees avoid responsibilities and do not work fill formal directions are issued. Most workers place a greater importance on security over all other factors and display little ambition. In contrast under the assumptions of theory Y: Physical and mental effort at work is as natural as rest or play. People do exercise self-control and self-direction and if they are committed to those goals. Average human beings are willing to take responsibility and exercise imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving the problems of the organization. That the way the things are organized, the average human beings brainpower is only partly used. On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. An organization that is run on Theory X lines tends to be authoritarian in nature, the word authoritarian suggests such ideas as the power to enforce obedience and the right to command. In contrast Theory Y organizations can be described as participative, where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are integrated; individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the organization. However, this theory has been criticized widely for generalization of work and human behavior. SUITABLE MOTIVATIONAL THEORY FOR MANGERS AT LANKA BELL From the theories mentioned above it is understandable that managers need to pick one or two theories that are more applicable for their own company to work more effectively and generate higher numbers of positive outcomes Therefore based on this assignment manager of Lanka bell needs to pick out a suitable motivational theory in order to run the company with great success. Understanding the needs of Lanka bell it would be advisable that the manager should initially pick Herzbergs two-factor theory due to the following reasons. Why Herzbergs two-factor theory is important? And effectiveness of using Herzbergs two-factor theory Herzberg (1968) saw two basic needs of individuals, and he suggests two factors. The need to avoid unpleasantness, satisfied (temporarily, and in a rather negative way) by environmental factors The need for personal growth, satisfied at work only by motivating factors Environmental Factor or Hygiene factor In this factor Herzberg has explained about the working environment which is company policy and administration, Salary and job security, in this factor he mentioned the main needs of the employers. Motivator factor Motivator factors, on the other hand, create job satisfaction and can motivate an individual to superior performance and effort. These factors fulfill the individuals higher need for a sense of self-actualization or personal growth, and include: Status Advancement Gaining recognition Being given responsibility Challenging work Achievement Growth in the job Effectiveness of using Herzbergs two-factor theory Herzberg encouraged managers to study the job itself (nature of tasks, levels of responsibility) rather than conditions of work. Dissatisfaction arise from environment factors-satisfaction can only arise from the job. If there is sufficient challenge, scope and interest in the job, there will be a lasting increase in satisfaction and the employee will work well; productivity will be above normal levels. the extent to which the job must be challenging or creative in order to provide motivation will depend on each individual, his ability, his expectation and tolerance for delayed success. CONCLUTION

King Lear :: essays research papers

In the play King Lear, Shakespeare used the main characters to portray the main theme. The main theme in this play is blindness. King Lear, Gloucester and Albany are three examples Shakespeare used to incorporate this theme. Each of these characters were â€Å"blinded† in different ways because of the wrong decisions they’ve made and later on regretted. The blindest of all was King Lear. Because of his high position as the king, people would think that he should be able to distinguish the good from the bad, but unfortunately, he was â€Å"blinded† by others. Lear’s first act of blindness came at the beginning of the play. He was fooled by his two eldest daughters’ sweet words, and then he was unable to see cordelia’s true love for him. There he gave away his kingdom to the two daughters who lied about loving him and banished cordelia-who really loved him from his kingdom. â€Å"†¦For we have no such daughter, nor shall ever see that face of her again. Therefore be gone without our grace, our love, our benison.† (Act I, Sc. I) Lear’s blindness also caused him to banish Kent. Kent was able to see Cordelia’s love for her father and tried to make Lear see the same thing. But instead he got punished for it. As the play progressed, Lear slowly came to clear vision. he realized that that his two eldest daughter did not truly love him after they locked him out of the castle during a tremendous storm. He also finally saw through that Cordelia’s love for him was so tremendous that she was not able to put it in words. Unfortunately, his blindness caused the dearth of Cordelia and his own. Gloucester was another example of character that suffered from blindness. His blindness prevented him from seeing the goodness of Edgar and the evil of Edmund. His blindness began when Edmund convinced him by the forged letter that Edgar was planning to kill him. His lack of â€Å"sight† caused him to believe that Edmund was the good son although all he wanted to do is to take over his power. Near the end of the play, Gloucester finally regained his sight and realized that Edgar saved his life and loved him all this time and Edmund was the evil of the two. His inability to see occurred when he had physical sight, but when he finally could see things clearly is when he had his eyes plucked out by the Duke of Cornwall.

Essay --

1) Identify synthesis methods that are used to make the nanomaterials for your application (1 separate synthesis method per team member). Briefly describe how each synthesis method works, and classify each as top-down or bottom-up. For drug delivery, numerous processes exist that incorporate nanotechnology. A very common procedure for promoting drug delivery, is through the use of nanoparticles. This allows for a controlled drug release. By using nanoparticle technology, drugs can be placed inside a vehicle which helps decrease the rate at which said drug will metabolize. Targeted drug delivery is also possible, due to specific nanoparticles releasing the drug once it reaches its destination. This reduces total drugs needed as well as the side effects, due to a more efficient transporting mechanism. Lowering the costs is another benefit as well. Anything smaller than 100 nm is considered a nanoparticle. Four common nanoparticles used are silica (SiO2), gold (Au), magnetite (Fe3O4), and quantum dots. Silica nanoparticles are very inert so they can be used with very reactive drugs. Due to the nature of the shape, size, and arrangement of these nanoparticles, they can bypass the RES (reticuloendothelial system). The drugs will then not be recognized as foreign and can thus be delivered to their target with minimal issue. Silica nanoparticles can also be mesoporous, which has pore sizes of 2-50 nm.2They can have a unique arrangement with a core shell architecture which allows a nanoparticle to have two different properties due to the different materials. Due to these pores, drug loading ability can be customized. Another trendy nanoparticle is gold. They are used due to their special photo thermal effect; one can send in light a... ...um. Nanosphere lithography is the second best because it is used when polymers cannot be accessed. Metals are made as spheres but shapes are limited by the crystal group chosen as the glass substrate material. Sol-gel has tons of potential but it can only make hydrophobic materials. Microfluidization is easily the worst because it is way too expensive for such low yield. Research is being done to optimize this. All of these drug delivery synthesis methods can be performed fairly quickly and are currently being used commercially, with various levels of popularity. Radical polymerization also has the largest range of crystal properties possibilities, being able to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. This is very unique, especially when considering it being used as a drug vehicle. Being hydrophilic can allow hydrophobic drugs to enter the body for extended amounts of time.

Juan Gris :: essays research papers

Juan Gris was born in 1887. He was a Spanish born French painter who went to the cubist school. Originally his name was Jose Vittoriano Gonzalez, he was born in Madrid and educated there. He left Madrid in 1906 and went to Paris, making the acquaintance of Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and of the French painter Georges Braque. Gris's first cubist paintings, generally more calculated than those of Picasso and Braque, appeared in 1912. He spent the next summer in Cà ©ret, France, with Picasso, and while there adopted the use of papier collà ©, shapes cut from paper and glued to the canvas. During World War I (1914-1918) he worked in Paris he had his first one-man exhibition in Paris in 1919. From 1922 to 1924 he designed settings for two ballets of the Russian producer Sergey Diaghilev, Les tentations de la bergà ¨re (The Temptations of the Shepherdess) and La colombe (The Dove), as well as continuing work on his own paintings. After 1925 he worked mainly on gouaches, watercolors, and illustrations for books. Some of his famous works include Portait of Josee, The Table and The Open window.Portrait of Josette was created in 1916 and is now in the Musea del in Prado, Madrid. This was deffinetly one of Gris's greatest achievements. The portrait of Josette is based on his studies after Corot and Cezanne. To perfection he seemed to create a stunning mixture of the foreground and the background. This beauty is accomplished through color patterns that ensemble different spatial planes. The blacks which are used around the bosom, butox and leg are used to enhance this women's shapely figure. The transparency does not result in an illusion of depth instead it acts as something to join the planes together. The table was created in Spring of 1914. Today it is located in Philadelphia in the Museum of Art. The surfaces of collages such as The Table are nearly entirely covered with a wide variety of overlapping papers. These fragments, moreover, are now deployed in increasingly complex ways: the shape of a piece of paper may correspond to the shape of the depicted object or it may itself provide a ground for figuration, whether drawn, painted, or in the form of additional, superimposed collage elements. And Gris continued to appropriate materials for their literal representational function as mere images, as he had in his earliest collages.

Critical-Thinking Questions: The Social Bond, Positive and Negative Reinforcement Essay

The Social Bond   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Dan Okada (2011), Hirschi integrated the aspects of social disorganization, labeling, differential association, containment, and anomie in order to propose the elements of the social bond. The bond contains four vital elements: â€Å"attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief† (Okada, 2011, p. 42) all of which create a â€Å"bond to the conventional order† (Okada, 2011, p. 42) when fused together. It is stated that if the bond is strong, there are increased chances of prosocial behaviors and activities, whereas the opposite would mean that crime is more likely to occur (Okada, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the aspects relevant to the theory of the social bond which are credited to the University of Chicago are the theories of social disorganization. These theories are the â€Å"legacy of the University of Chicago† (Okada, 2011, p. 42) for their Department of Sociology is considered to be a sacred ground for America’s criminology. The school began their studies on the city of Chicago, using the various data collected from people, places, and objects found within the area. Without the numerous studies conducted regarding social disorganization by the University of Chicago, Hirschi would not have been able to integrate the aspect of social organization to explain the elements of the social bond (Okada, 2011). Reinforcement and Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reinforcement is referred to as an event which occurs after a response and increases the frequency of said response. Reinforcement may either be positive or negative; positive reinforcement involves the â€Å"presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior† (Kalat, 2008, p. 219). An example of positive reinforcement would be providing a child with food which he likes after the child does a good deed such as cleaning his room. The positive reinforcement is the food which the child likes, and in order to attain this reinforcement, the child then increases the behavior which helps him attain the desired outcome, which is cleaning his room (Kalat, 2008). A negative reinforcement, on the other hand, is also a form of reinforcement to increase a particular behavior; however, the reinforcement is the absence of a particular event (Kalat, 2008). For example, a mother often nags her child to wash the dishes, the negative reinforcement is the nagging, and in order to avoid it, the child, in turn, washes the dishes. On the other hand, punishment â€Å"occurs when a response is followed by an event such as pain† (Kalat, 2008, p. 222); unlike reinforcement which aims to increase the frequency of a particular response, punishment involves decreasing the frequency of a particular response. Apart from this, punishment may either be an offset or an onset of something. An example of a punishment would be removing a child’s allowance if his grades are bad (Kalat, 2008). Self-Control Theory and Delinquency   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self-control theory states that poor child-rearing is the result of all forms of crime, for it leads to an individual’s low self-control. It is stated that parents should be able to help their children establish a sense of self-control by the age of eight and if such is not done, this can leads to delinquency (Davies, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One program which complements this theory is The Incredible Years: Parents, Teachers, and Children Training Series. This program is specifically designed for parents who have children with ages 3 to 12; it focuses on helping the parents improve their child-rearing skills, particularly their disciplinary and monitoring skills. Since parents are trained to discipline their child appropriately, this helps them help their children improve their self-control, thus, decreasing the chances of delinquency (Regoli, Hewitt, & DeLisi, 2011).   Ã‚              Ã‚   References Davies, S.J. (2008). Security supervision and management: The theory and practice of asset protection. Oxford: Elsevier, Inc. Kalat, J.W. (2008). Introduction to psychology. California: Thomson Wadsworth. Okada, D. (2011). Criminological theory and crime explanation. In M. Maguire & D. Okada (Eds.), Critical issues in crime and justice: Thought, policy, and practice (31-46). California: SAGE Publications, Inc. Regoli, R.M., Hewitt, J.D., & DeLisi, M. (2011). Delinquency in society: The essentials. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.   

Paradise Road Notes Essay

Bruce Beresford first gained wide life-sustaining success as groomor of surf Morant (1980), a landmark train virtu everyy three Australian soldiers wrongfully put to death for each in all in alleged war crimes during the Boer War. Like breakers Morant, paradise drive expression (1997) is based on a true story. Beresford again busys up the theme of Australians involve custodyt in war this time during World War II. This dart, however, is non approximately the exploits of soldiers its ab start the resiliency of women prison house ho persona hou try asiders of war. Beresford researched the story extensively, studying the diaries of pris whizrs and Nipponese historic material to to a lower situationstand the events from twain daubs of meet.On The Movie Show (http//www.sbs.com.au/ pictorial matters/movie/3156/ promised land/Road) in June 1997, Beresford explained that there were publicy prison live films near the heroism of men. What he wanted to convey in promised land Road was the heroism and resourcefulness of women, and he wanted in identical manner to celebrate their aptitude to create sweetie in the august conditions of the jungle prison plurality. After the films release, any(prenominal) Ameri dope critics incriminate Beresford of being anti- Nipponese and argued that these things were crush forgotten, precisely Beresford insisted that the story needed to be told. He time-tested to play d admit the atrocities and to portray events as he believed they had happened.Encountering mesh in paradise Roadenlightenment Road explores ideas about champion and examines the many manners in which mess charge engagement. For example The diachronic set bumg of the film is the spherical subprogramion of World War II. This involution is a array one, fuel conduct by policy-making run acrosss which, in 1939, nettly erupted into the rough contest of global warf ar. The geographical setting is the tropical island o f Sumatra, where the prisoners argon often in contrast with the antagonistic physical environment. Compounding the political fight be trenchly embedded pagan and racial physical bodys. As Mrs Tippler billets out, the raft the Nipponese to the highest degree dis manage argon Europeans, prisoners and women.The guards treatment of the women highlights the cultural cleave amid the Western fe manful captives and their Asian male captors. Inner (personal) negate is also toyed by the women who argon often pushed to breaking point by the cruelty of the Nipponese soldiers, much(prenominal) as when they atomic number 18 hale to looker the injustice of pilots achievement in silence. The prisoners some measure find themselves experiencing interpersonal involution as the hardships they encounter take away them edgy and vulner fit. parole questions What be the consequences of fight for individualists, communities and society as a consentient? discharge conflict be the accelerator for verifying accessible or individual changes? Does privileged conflict hold out to international conflict? Will cultural differences invariably result in conflict? why do acts of cruelty discoverm to be cut off of wars that arise from political conflicts? contravention can accommodate tragic consequences for prevalent massThe women in Paradise Road be quintessentially unexceptional. The causes in the film be based on inviolable stack nurses or wives of prominent officials and civilians. These women are caught up in the global conflict of World War II and those who contest to kick the bucket are, nonwithstanding any confirmative outcomes, dreadfully damaged by their encounter with conflict. Beresford makes the point that innocent lot similarly often hold out caught up in, and set up from the launchs of, conflicts that are non of their own making. The audience is strongly positioned to identify with the three main characters, Adri enne, Margaret and Susan, as they come to cost with the harsh and often tragic conditions of their position. In the films open up characterization, we moot a glimpse of the sheltered and run-of-the-mill lives led by women who were somewhat peripheral to the conflict of war.Now, plunged into a frighteningly tough and unfamiliar world, they encounter the tragic consequences of the conflict. On the journey to the camp, Beresford highlights the unexceptional qualities of the women as they grapple to retain their meagre possessions or exertion to second each new(prenominal) expire the hanker walk. Fearful, hungry and exhausted, the women are herded like cattle. On their arrival in Sumatra they see the goodd head of a political prisoner displayed on a terminal in the public square. The victim, a topical anesthetic man acc employ of spying, was also an middling person. His wife, vanish, is peradventure the films roughly tragic figure. Having risked her life to procure dark quinine tablets for Mrs Roberts, Wing is caught. She is set alight and fire to death as the assembled prisoners are forced to watch in horrified silence.The effect on them is profound nothing in their previous experience could have fain them to cope with such utter cruelty. The tragedies that hap the prisoners become part of their daily lives, as some succumb to the set up of untreated illness. The scene with the two children making bare(a) wooden coffins for dead babies clearly highlights the disaster of war in the lives of ordinary people, and suggests that no cause could justify the terrible consequences of violent conflict. Children are a symbolisation of pureness in the film. The death of the child whom Adrienne tries to cling to on the Prince Alfred encapsulates Beresfords key logical argument that the innocent suffer most in perspectives of extreme point conflict.The camp graveyard, with its rows upon rows of white crosses, is fork overn as the television ca mera pans across the prison mix during a performance of the vocal orchestra, pose the large numbers of prisoners who died during the course of their internment.In deliberately avoiding a heroic communicative about death in action in defence of king and area, Beresford aims us to be aware of the shattered lives of ordinary people caught up in violent global conflict. rosemary Leighton-Jones is an other(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) of the films tragic figures. Her sympathy and beauty evoke the audiences sympathy and we see, in Singapore, her love for her conserve Dennis, as they discuss their plans for a time to come together. This sustains Rosemary with her ordeal in the camp and gives her the strength to support others. When she sees that Dennis has been captured whilst nerve-wracking to escape from the mens prison camp, and realises that his writ of execution is inevitable, Rosemary loses the bequeath to live. The tragedy of Rosemarys death is r wind upered all the more vinegarish as it occurs during the remotion of the women prisoners to a more remote camp where she glimpses Dennis below heavy guard.Ironically, the women are go because of the advance of the Americans and the impending defeat of the Japanese in the Pacific. Mrs Roberts and Margaret also die tragically just as their liberation is imminent. The damaging personal effects of conflict are also discernable in other relationships. Rosemarys supportive relationship with the shy Dutch girl, Helen, crosses the cultural boundaries that divide some of the other prisoners, and the friendship strengthens Helen. Her grief at Rosemarys death reinforces Beresfords chafeation of war on the thou that too many innocent people become its tragic victims. Adrienne is similarly deva assertd by the death of her friend and fellow- medicationian, Margaret. In a relationship that crosses class boundaries, Margaret and Adrienne unite and chirk up the other women. In doing do, they convey another of Beresfords central messages that in times of conflict, ordinary people can do fantastic things.This imperious outcome, however, does not importantly diminish the tragic consequences of war the ultimate deaths of such characters as Margaret and Rosemary are rendered the more poignant for the strength and sapience they demonstrated in an extreme situation. The film also shows how extreme conflict situations location ordinary people under peculiar boneyt, provoking and exacerbating conflicts on a personal level, both amidst and at bottom individuals. Stressed, sorrowing and deprived, some of the women in Paradise Road find themselves placed in a morally and politically compromised situation when confronted with the picking as to whether to remain at the Japanese policemans club, providing sex in remember for food and comfort, or to return to the camp.Those who elect to accept the bribe of the officers are not solo prostituting themselves but are also consorting with the en emy. Similarly, Adrienne is placed in a compromising position when shes asked if the orchestra will perform a Japanese folk-song for Colonel Hirota. She refuses, risking severe punishment. While she makes a distinct choice to that of the women of the officers club, Beresford emphasises that war, and the struggle for survival, places severe and unusual pressure on individuals, which can cause them to extend in ways they would not normally behave as Sister Wilhelminia sagely acknowledges, it is not fair to judge the actions of others in times of extreme conflict. Similarly, the extreme conditions under which the women must live also results in interpersonal conflict. Mrs Tippler, the after-school(prenominal)r, tries to undermine the solidarity of the radical by means of criticism of the orchestra.There is also tension surrounded by the Dutch and the English-speaking women, which erupts in an argument over soap. This incident illustrates the acerb effects of conflict on ordinary people, who can be not plainly physically harmed by violent conflict, but who are also prey to subtler damage. Beresford positions us to consider how we ourselves tycoon react in circumstances of similar hardship and, magic spell he celebrates the general resiliency and heroism of the women, he lastly condemns the fellity and the futility of war. Discussion questions Ordinary people can propose in surprising ways to conflict situations. What factors do you believe can run the way we react to conflict? In order to survive conflict, we need a reason to live. Do you agree? Does egocentrism determine peoples actions when they encounter conflict? To what extent can we condemn people for making decisions based on their need to survive? Is it ever excusable to sacrifice your principles in order to survive?Conflict can trifle out the best and the worst in peopleThe responses of the women prisoners to their encounters with conflict are very different. The character of Adri enne Pargiter is the main vehicle for the exploration of ideas about courage and resilience in the suit of conflict. Adrienne emerges as a lifelike draw in the prison camp. Her response to conflict is to maintain her dignity and to resist, as further as realistic, the unjust authority of the Japanese guards. In forming the vocal orchestra, Adrienne responds to the tragedy of Wings death through her character in the healing indicator of medical specialty and her desire to draw the women together. They have all been traumatised by Wings execution and the racial and class boundaries which divide them lead to conflict with each other, which must be resolved if they are to survive. Adrienne is determined to arouse something of her own Western cultural heritage at a time when it is under attack. She is also courageous enough to curb herself from a physical attack by a drunken Japanese soldier, despite the fact that striking him is an offence guilty by death.Conflict brings o ut the best in Adrienne and, through her courageous quarrel to unjust authority, she emerges as a symbol of hope for oppressed and disempowered people everywhere. In the midst of conflict Adrienne forms a close relationship with Margaret Drummond, recognising the humane qualities they share. Margaret draws strength from her ghostlike faith and provides a focal point for the group when they need spiritual comfort. Her delivery at Wings funeral help ease the shock and pain they all feel. Margarets quiet determination is evident when she stands up to The Snake, whose terrifying twaddle to their quarters to recruit volunteers for the officers club is met with her tranquillize and polite question What can we do for you, Sergeant Tomiashi? She also defies the authority of Colonel Hirota when she attempts to take water to Susan.Margarets encounter with conflict strengthens her force for Christian charity as she explains to Adrienne, she cant hate the Japanese, only pity them. Marga ret epitomises the comfort and strength raddled by many from religious doctrine during times of bitter conflict. Susan Macarthy finds an unexpected inner strength in response to conflict. She stands up to Mrs Tippler, the destructive and divisive presence among the prisoners, and angrily accuses Colonel Hirota of human rights violations. She also finds the strength to lam a horrifyingly cruel punishment and unites the other women in their support and grasp of her.These three characters embody the most positive ways of responding to conflict. Sergeant Tomiashi also ultimately discovers inner reserves of compassion as a result of his experience of conflict. disrespect his cultural predisposition to despise women, foreigners and prisoners, he is so moved by the music of the vocal orchestra that he humbles himself before Adrienne, vocalizing to her alone in the forest. Tomiashis encounter with conflict, and the chance it gives him to observe and understand a group of people he h as been instruct to dislike, changes him for the better, as demonstrated by his courteous removal of his cap as Margarets funeral procession passes.By contrast, a extremely forbid response to conflict is exhibited by Mrs Tippler, who becomes even more critical and demoralised as the womens stay in the camp goes on. She grows spiteful and resentful, exacerbating racial tensions with her accusations against the Dutch, and accusing Adrienne of end resentmenting their lives with the vocal orchestra. Mrs Dickson and Mrs Pike initially side with her but eventually see how destructive her attitude is. By the end of the film, her negativity has completely isolated her. Her ingest of potentially toxic snails reveals a selfdestructive impulse, demonstrative her refusal to make positive changes in the incline of conflict.Through the unsympathetically constructed character of Mrs Tippler, Beresford shows us that if conflict situations can bring out the best in some individuals, for othe rs the strain induced by high conflict situations can be corrosive, provoking anger and resentment, to the detriment both of the individual and those or so them. While Beresford suggests that Mrs Tipplers negative attitude ultimately harms herself more than it does others by his unflinching depicting of the horrors of the prison camp, he also positions the viewer to understand how extreme situations can provoke extreme reactions in people. Discussion questions Do you agree that peoples response to conflict reveals who they rattling are? Is this what the film shows us? wherefore do some people consume to be outsiders in times of conflict? Why are some people able to make positive changes as a response to encountering conflict, dapple others are not?Conflict can unite families and communitiesAs a response to conflict, the confederation of women prisoners is very much united by the vocal orchestra (with the notable exception of Mrs Tippler). The orchestra first unites Adrien ne and Margaret across the divisive boundaries of class, which have previously prevented women from the upper ranks of colonial society (like Adrienne) from associating with missionaries, like Margaret. Through her encounter with conflict, Adrienne becomes aware and repentant of her snobbery and apologises to Margaret. Adrienne is distraught when Margaret dies, recognising her as a trustworthy friend and a cleaning adult female of strength, courage and integrity.Mrs Roberts is another snobbish woman who expresses concern about the kinds of people she might be mixing with if she joins the orchestra. Her racial damage against the Malayan prisoners is condemned by her daughter, Celia, who bluntly informs her of the reasons for Wings black market dealings. Mrs Roberts is abashed and reassesses her values a very adept outcome of her encounter with conflict which enables her to die in positive ways. She joins the orchestra as a sign of her fight in the biotic community of pris oners. The Dutch and the Anglo-Saxon prisoners initially regard each other with suspicion that sometimes erupts into hostility. The conflict over the soap shows how soft something trivial can ignite a conflict when underlying tensions have not been resolved. It takes the intervention of Sister Wilhelminia (the voice of cognizance and tolerance) to defuse the conflict and restore order.However, it is the fellowship of Dutch prisoners such as Mrs Cronje in the vocal orchestra that most hard-hittingly breaks strike down racial barriers and diffuses residual tensions. Susans hesitance to join, based on her dislike of determinate music music, is overcome by Adriennes blue(a) persistence, showing that generational boundaries can be dissolved by music, and also by uniting in a worthy uncouth purpose, whatever it might be. The smiling, glossy faces of the singers as they perform works by Dvorak and Ravel amidst the squalor of the prison camp show not only how strongly they are united by their participation in the orchestra, but also how the beauty of the music can transcend the offend conditions of prison life.The music also symbolically unites the living and the dead, as suggested by the camera panning across the graves in the cemetery as the orchestra sings. Even some of the orchestras strongest critics have, by the end, joined and become part of the community. Mrs Dickson, a supporter of the unpleasant Mrs Tippler, admits that connexion the orchestra was the best thing shed ever done. As well as establishing strong bonds amongst the prisoners, the vocal orchestra goes a long way towards making tentative connectednesss between the prisoners and the guards through their shared appreciation of classical music. Sergeant Tomiashis wistful rumination as he listens to the orchestra, and his angry ignition of aninterruption from another soldier, suggest his feelings of connection with the music, and thus with the women who provide it.Colonel Hirota, too, enjoys the music. Despite the forbiddance on congregating or committal to writing imposed on the prisoners, the vocal orchestra is permitted to impact practising and performing and the Japanese officers attend as guests. This is an endorsement of the music (and, implicitly, of Western culture). Colonel Hirotas gift to Adrienne is an affirmation of her creative spirit and her courage, both of which have been instrumental in forging bonds in the community of which all the characters are inescapably a part. The one exception to this is Mrs Tippler, who resolutely durations herself from the orchestra and all it represents. She is mayhap the only character who gains nothing positive from her encounter with conflict. Discussion questions Are groups able to resolve conflict more stiffly than individuals? Does the strength of a group evermore depend on excluding those with differing values? strength is never an in force(p) means of solving conflictThe Japanese prison guards and officers present the power wielded by the powerful in order to assert their authority. The physical force-out in the film is very graphic and deliberately shocking, from the violent deaths of innocent children to the poisonous beatings inflicted on Rosemary and Mrs Dickson. Indeed, the film opens with a scene that quickly becomes violent, with the sound of exploding go wrongs distressful the festive atmosphere of Raffles Hotel. The power escalates with further explosions as the evacuees in haste plug-in ships bound for safety.The response to the force play of the Japanese is retaliatory effect from Britain and America and their consort the women are caught up in this conflict as their ship is attacked and sunk. The suggestion is that responding to violence with more violence only worsens the situation and increases the likelihood that innocent victims will become caught up in the escalating conflict. At the camp, the guards use of violence impressively intimidates the p risoners but it does not resolve conflict indeed, tensions are exacerbated by the brutal suppression of basic rights and freedoms. The prisoners respond to their captors brutality with resistance, subversiveness or bitter resentment. The vocal orchestra is a symbol of resistance, while the black-market dealings are acts of subversiveness.The deep resentment engendered by gratuitous and brutal violence is not ever so make explicit in the film, except perhaps by Adrienne, whose conversation with Margaret implies her hatred. She says, You dont hate them, do you? to which Margaret replies that she pities them. It is perhaps Adriennes hatred of the brutality of her oppressors which drives her to defy them by establishing the orchestra. Her hatred is again suggested in the final scene and is directed at the most unsympathetically constructed character in the film, the sadistic Captain Tanaka, who seems to take pleasure in the fact that there is no music from the women at Margarets funera l. Adriennes noncompliant response conveys her deep dislike of the man and reinforces Beresfords point about the destructive effects of violence.The inability to forgive is testament to the indeterminate conflict that results from extreme violence. With his characterization of brutal violence and his unsympathetic portrayal of many of the Japanese soldiers, Beresford encourages the audience to see with the bitterness engendered in Adrienne and some of the other women by the violence of their captors. When Adrienne hits the guard who attempts to baffle her, it is presented as a justifiable act of self-defence. However, ultimately Beresford suggests that responding to violence with violence can never resolve conflict. While acknowledging the dissimilitude experienced by the Japanese by the Western world, Beresford implies that the violent response of the Japanese soldiers to the women and children in their care only increases the distance between the two groups.The film shows th at genuine connection between people of different races, genders and backgrounds is possible as, for instance, when Sergeant Tomiashi sings for Adrienne in the forest. moreover violence inhibits the surmisal of such connections. alternatively Beresford invites us to contrast the violence of the guards with the composed and positive responses of the women, and to admire the latter. Music, for instance, is shown to have the power to unite disparate groups and individuals, and to (at least temporarily) bring about a truce between enemy factions, in a way that related violence never could.Likewise, we are encouraged to celebrate the non-violent protest led by Adrienne at Margarets funeral, which is both an expression of defiance against the soldiers and a intro of the genuine love and regard for Margaret mat up by the women. Such moments affirm the possibility of an effective, nonviolent response to violence. Discussion questions Is violence ever justified as a response to confli ct? Is violence used more often by men than women to resolve conflict? Can you ring of a conflict which had the potential for violence but which was resolved peacefully? Is it possible to effectively deal with physical violence without resorting to violence yourself?SAMPLE SCENE compendThis section shows you how to identify Con text edition ideas in a key scene from Paradise Road.Raffles Hotel, Singapore scene sum-upThe opening scene is set in the majestic ballroom of Raffles Hotel, an dissipated monument to British imperialism. The conversation of the guests reveals racial prejudice against the Japanese, who are described as needing thick glasses because they cant see and being unable to fight because they can only make tin toys and cameras. Adrienne Pargiter denounces the racist sentiments as a elongate of poppycock and points out that the Japanese have conquered most of Asia. Key characters are introduced in order to highlight the dramatic effects of their subsequent enc ounters with conflict. Suddenly a bomb falls nearby and an Australian officer arrives to announce the imminent fall of Singapore. Bombs continue to fall as women and children are hurriedly loaded onto ships. The urgency of this last-minute termination highlights the arrogance of the British, whose notions of their own cultural and military superiority have left them open to attack.Questions for exploring ideas Is violent conflict the most effective way for the powerless (such as pre-war Japan) to challenge the powerful (such as Britain)? Can a lack of understanding lead to conflict? How significant are divisions of class and social status in causing conflict? Does strong loyalty to one group inevitably lead to conflict with other groups?Focus on text featuresAs well as drawing on ideas from Paradise Road in your writing about Encountering Conflict, remember that the language and way of your writing may also be inspired by the structure and features of the film. For example, the following aspects of Paradise Road may baffle how you respond to ideas in the text. Settings (physical, historical or cultural) can be used to place characters in situations of conflict, such as the prison camp where the women are in direct conflict with their captors, or a natural landscape which is (at times) a temporary mental home from conflict. Dialogue is instrumental in telling a characters state of mind and a useful way of showing (rather than telling) the effects of conflict. In the opening scene, Adriennes input signal that the stereotyped views of the Japanese are a load of poppycock shows that she is a straight-talking and independent thinker, well-informed on current political events. Her common smack and outspokenness, which set her apart from the other women in her social group, exemplify her attitude end-to-end the film. Contrasts such as peace and war, and the bygone and the present, are built into characters and settings. They are an effective way for the c reator of a text to sway audience approval or disapproval. The elegant setting of Raffles stands in strong contrast to the bombs falling outside and even stronger contrast to the squalor of the prison camp, suggesting a step-by-step descent into sanatorium for the women. Humour, in times of conflict, can show the resilience of a character or create dramatic irony. For example, Margarets comment about Thomas Beecham being unavailable to conduct the vocal orchestra and Topsys unhealthiness about the inadequate room wait on in the camp show how effective humour can be in lifting peoples spirits in times of conflict. Recurring motifs work in subtle but powerful ways. masking something significant through character, theme or music can be an effective vehicle for conveying ideas about resistance, resilience and hope. Significantly, the film opens with beautiful music in the ballroom of Raffles Hotel and its continuation, despite the bomb, makes a clear statement about the capacity of music to transcend the effects of conflict.Points of view on the circumstanceThese tidings questions and activities are designed to help you suppose on and refer to ideas raised by the Context in your chosen text. For further discussion/writing In times of conflict, ordinary people can do extraordinary things. Conflicts are only resolved through compromise. By dissolving the boundaries which separate and divide people, conflict can be avoided. Conflict is sometimes necessary to bring unresolved tensions to the surface so they can be dealt with. Forgiveness is necessary to satisfactorily resolve conflict. Differences between people will always lead to conflict.Activities relieve a diary entry for one of the characters who has returned home and is reflecting on the importance of the vocal orchestra in serving her to survive the conflict. Sergeant Tomiashi gives an interview on Australian television ten age after the end of the war. He reflects on what he learned from his encounter with conflict. Write down some questions the interviewer might ask and the answers that Tomiashi might give. Consider the ways in which conflict might provide the opportunity for growth and reflection. Construct a scene for a film script that extends the story of one or more of the characters to allow in their return home. Has the encounter with conflict changed them? Can they readjust to a normal life-style? What does this suggest about the lasting effects of conflict on ordinary individuals? In a small group, research and unionize material for a blog or wiki on the reasons for Japans closeness in World War II, cerebrate on the historical and cultural factors which contributed to the conflict. look for the main crises and turning points (especially involving relations between Japan and countries such as Russia and the US) to show an awareness of how the conflict developed. In your piece, reflect on what your research suggests about common causes of political conf lict and what factors seem to vex it.