Comparing Catcher in the Rye and Ordinary People :: comparison compare contrast essays

Ordinary People and The Catcher in the Rye In this paper I intend to show how the loss of a pal heap have the same effects on two different people like Holden Caulfield and Conrad Jarrett. Both of their lives are turned upside down after the ticklish loss of a family member. In the book Ordinary People, Conrad Jarrett has a good life and loving family when his sidekick dies in a sailboating accident. Conrad feels lost and confused and he attempts to take his own life as a way out. He spends eight months in a mental institution and when he comes out he discovered he is a completely different person and has the realization that his old definition of normality no longer applies. A once-unified family splits into three guarded, isolate members who can no longer share anything with one another. Dr. Tyrone C. Berger patrons Conrad by taking him back through the death of his brother and anguish of life without Buck, his older brother and idol. He teaches Conrad and his fa mily that love, openly shared, is the only thing they can count on to give them strength for the test they call life. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden loses his brother Allie at a young age just like Conrad. He cannot find a meaning in life afterwards. School and friends dont matter to him anymore and he wanders through the city of New York searching for some kind of answer. In both books the characters are teenagers and still full of youth. Conrad is on the swim team and participates in activities while Holden is great at English and is a keen observer of life. After their brothers death they realize that they are not the same people anymore and that they have to start all over. They are struggling just to make it through the day and to find motivation to carry through going. Conrad lays in bed in the morning thinking of a reason to get up, he tries to come up with a guiding principle to help him get through the day. He says to himself, Its all right to feel anxious. Allow yourself a couple of bad days now and then. (1) Holden is hurt by his loss and takes a negative attitude towards life.

Case Study - AOL/Time Warner :: essays research papers

AOL Time WarnerOn December 14, 2000, the Federal Trade delegating authorize the planned nuclear fusion reaction of AOL and Time Warner after both companies pledged to protect consumer choice both now and in the future. The AOL Time Warner merger was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on January 11, 2001, and is the biggest merger in corporate history, then estimated at a total market value of $350 billion. The merger created a powerhouse of new and traditional media. AOL Time Warner has led the union of the media, entertainment, communications and Internet industries. Throughout the years the face of media and entertainment industries has changed drastically as a result of increased technology. The popularity of newspapers gave way to other forms of media and entertainment such as magazines, television, cable, music, and most recently the Internet. The Internet boom of the 1990s gave rise to the popularity of the States Online AOL and Time Warner saw themselves at a crossroads where old and new media would become one. The histories of both AOL and Time Warner are extensive and consume not forever been successful. Time Warner itself was created by two mega-mergers. The first merger was in 1989 between Time Inc., publisher of many magazines such as Time Magazine, and Warner Communications. Both companies have histories stretching as far back as 75 years or so. In 1996, this company merged with Turner Broadcasting, which brought CNN with its founder Ted Turner. These two mergers created a company ready to lead in any form of media. The company launched the HBO television network. Time Warner, headquartered in New York, had $27.3 billion in revenues in 1999 and a market value of $112.6 billion. On the other side of the merger there is new media giant AOL, today the biggest, richest, and most successful internet company in the world. It was founded in 1985 as Quantum Computer Services and by 1994, after changing its name, had a million subscribe rs. In its early years, it almost fell because of the problems associated with introducing unlimited glide path for a fixed monthly fee. As its number of users increased, so did its capacity problems, which made many customers angry because they could not get a connection. The problem was resolved when AOL made a deal with MCI WorldCom, which led merge with its rival CompuServe. In 1998, AOL acquired Netscape for $4 billion in a deal that knocked off its rival Microsoft.

Things They Carried Essay: Rebirth of a Spirit :: Things They Carried Essays

Rebirth of a Spirit in The Things They Carried   Speaking of courage is a story found in Tim O Briens The Things They Carried near a solider named Norman Bowker who has returned home from the Vietnam War. As Bowker circles the towns source of pride he comes to realize that the town that he left so many years ago will never be the same. While his life was paused by the war, theirs werent. He also comes to understand that while the people he once knew have changed that he has also changed. He has been consumed by a war and it will forever alter his being.   When Norman Bowker returns to his hometown after the war things seem to have moved on without him. It seems that while his life was put on pause, his friends and family had moved on to their lives. His simple wish is for the past to be the present once again. He speaks of his friends soap Arnold and epigram Kramer. Now, Max was dead and Bowker refers to him as an idea. He talks of how things would be different if Max w as around to listen to all his stories and how Max would have enjoyed them. The irony is that Max is g atomic number 53. At one time Bowker had carried a picture of Sally in his wallet. He talked of how he would stop and talk to her when he saw her while driving. He decided that he might impress her with his knowledge that he had acquired during the war such as his ability to predict the time at any take down during the day within 10 minutes. He repeatedly said if she was to listen. Just like the others she did not want to think about the war, it was in the past. paginate 143 makes a clear point that The town could not talk, and would not listen.. It (the town) did not know shit about shit, and did not care to know.   As Bowker continues what seems to be a trip back to what is reality he circles the town lake nearly 13 times. This lake is the life of the town and is very symbolic in itself. On one side of the lake the houses are modern, with big porches and picture windows fa cing the water on the opposite side the houses were described as handsome, though less expensive and on a smaller scale.

Siobhan Somerville’s essay Passing through the Closet in Pauline E. Hop

Siobhan Somervilles essay Passing through the Closet in Pauline E. Hopkinss Contending ForcesIn Siobhan Somervilles essay, Passing through the Closet in Pauline E. Hopkinss Contending Forces, the tacit allusion to homosexuality within Hopkins story is argued to be a resource used to question the dominance or implicit strength of heterosexuality in the African-American community over Black women. While I do believe Hopkins may have intended for the novel to raise questions about the institution of marriage in relation to the African-American female, I do not believe the course is as polarised as a difference mingled with homosexual and heterosexual attraction in relation to politics between the sexes. Instead, I would argue that the truly ambiguity of sexuality within the text serves to comment on a larger issue of what makes a woman female and the importance of intimate bonds between women in society.The most important piece of textual evidence in Somervilles argument is the att ic scene between Dora and Sappho. In this scene Sappho begs Dora to go through the morning with her after a snowstorm from the previous night makes it impossible for her to go to work. The two lock themselves away in Sapphos attic flatcar and commence to have a tea party and play company like the children (Hopkins 117). In her essay, Somerville describes this as a highly sexualized scene, in which the intimacy between the two women hints at a possible homosexual attraction between the two, given the homoerotic description of their affection towards one another (Somerville 149-152). While I do believe the scene does have a certain element of homoerotic tension, I would not go so far as to polarize the scene as clearly homosexual as a pot... ...al Economy of Sex. Toward an Anthropology of Women. Ed. Rayna R. Reiter. New York Monthly Review Press, 1975. 157-210.Hopkins, Pauline E. Contending Forces A Romance Illustrative of Negro animation North and South. New York Oxford Universit y Press, 1988.Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Ed. Rodney Needham. Trans. James Harls Bell and John Richard von Sturmer. Boston Beacon Press, 1969.Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men English Literature and Homosocial Desire. New York capital of South Carolina University Press, 1985.Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. The Female World of Love and Ritual Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America. Signs, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1975). 25 Oct. 2005 .Somerville, Siobhan. Passing through the Closet in Pauline E. Hopkinss Contending Forces American Literature, Vol 69, No 1, (1997). 19 Oct. 2005

Themes and Styles in Songs of Experience Essay -- Innocence Songs of E

Themes and Styles in Songs of ExperienceWith reference to at least four poems, show how they arerepresentative of themes and styles in Songs of Experience.In the Songs of Experience Innocence has progressed towardsExperience, but it is consequential to remember that Blakes vision isessentially dialectical Innocence and Experience are co-relatedas the highroad to experience begins from innocence. The poems inSongs of Experience are darker in tone and outlook, affirming ableaker (or more realistic) view of creation than their Innocentcounterparts. Blake manifests the themes of cynicism, corruption,oppression, disillusionment and cruelty through the use of stylisticdevices such as mirroring, juxtapositions, archetypes and imagery.In The clod and the pebble, the poem provides two contrastingattitudes, one of selfless love for others, and the second, of Love asself-absorption and possessiveness. The original stanza seems to belongto the Songs of Innocence sequence, and the final stanz a to Songs ofExperience, and perhaps it is left to the reader to adjudicate betweenthe two attitudes. However, as a poem in the Songs of Experiencesequence, it is important that the final words are given to theselfish Pebble rather than to the down-trodden Clod, perhapssuggesting that it is the formers attitude which is seen to be themost insightful. Blake uses imagery such as the clod of carcass torepresent something insignificant, like mud, downtrodden. Blake alsouses alliteration on the phrase clod of clay to emphasize itsworthlessness. This imagery also creates an impression that the clayis malleable and unformed, implying youth, ignorance, naivet andinnocence. However, this wishy-washy cl... ...n on the private lives of Englanders an almost comicallymelodramatic scene of tombstones and Death-figure priests. It is thusperhaps too easy to dismiss this poem at once as nothing more thanthat. However, this simplicity allows the poem to become a didacticpoem, with new levels of re sonance rising from it with each reading.The level that first presents itself is explained above the churchtaking on itself the legislation and administration of morality. ThisSongs of Experience lyric deals with the repression of joys, desiresand instincts by the church and by prohibitive morality. Given thatthe poem deals with a vision of a journey into the garden, we couldperhaps also view the poem as a commentary on the ways that conscienceand guilt are impose on the imagination and on what is natural andinstinctual, the mind-forged manacles of London.

Ebola And Marburg Viruses :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF)

The Ebola and Marburg viruses are extremely lethal viruses that have identifyd repugnant thoughts on the minds of many mess that have any backgroundknowledge on this field of viral infections. Where does it come from? Wheredoes it hide? What could it do to me? As these questions burn holes in theminds of many people, something should be done to learn more about thesehorrendous viruses. People sometimes become scared stiff from the thought ofthe bone-chilling effects from these viruses, and had good reason to. "Ebola,the intend wiper, did things to people that you did not want to think about. Theorganism was too frightening to handle even for those who were comfortable andadept in space suits." (paperback pg.63-64 - Project Ebola).     A large, shy man by the name of Gene Johnson was the first pioneer toventure out to find the roots of the Ebola and Marburg viruses. Gene spentmany historic period in Central Africa looking for these viruses. After digging upvirtually every piece of land in Central Africa, Gene Johnson wound up withouta single case or report of a virus. A man by the name of Charles Monet and ayoung boy referred to in this restrain as turncock Cardinal both contracted the samelevel 4 hot virus. There is only one connection between Charles and Peter."The paths of Charles Monet and Peter Cardinal had crossed at only one place onearth, and that was inside Kitum Cave." (pg. 140 - Cardinal). Kitum Cave iswhere the virus is expected to be living or where the history of the Ebolavirus lays. So Kitum Cave is where the search for the deadly virus begins.Led by Gene Johnson, the team members on the Kitum Cave expedition decide up manydiffering animals inside the cave with the hope that one of the animals wouldcontract the virus. Even though the expeditions results came out negative,Kitum Cave is still the only logical place where the virus thrives.     There have been a handful of outbreaks as the cause of a shipment ofmonkeys to a civilized community. For example, this occurred from a monkeyshipment to an superannuated city in central Germany. Killing 7 out of the 31 people itinfected, this virus would later be named after the city it erupted in, Marburg.The monkeys posed as the host in this terrifying disaster. The possibilitythat humans are the natural host is very, very unlikely. "...its original hostwas probably not monkeys, humans, or wop pigs but some other animal or insect

Animal Farm. Analysis

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Musical is an art of arranging sounds Essay

Musical is an art of arranging sounds in a particular pattern to get a pleasant harmony to the ears of the listeners. Just like the industrial revolution took time to reach its present level, the two major forms of euphonyal in the States were realized after a long time of progressive development as (Riddle 2003) explains.the Statesn musical was freshmanly borrowed from the European States the American musical pioneers create on it to develop theirs then later they completely detached from it came up with their own different style of presentation according to (Lubbock 1962).Musical comedy was the first of the only two advanced musical styles to be established in America. Then there followed the former(a) which is the musical play and the two have been love widely in the twentieth and the twenty first centuries. There are several legend musicians who played a key role in do American musical what it is today and have been covered by history. The changes that were met in the twe ntieth century in musical varied from the cultural, content to the form of delivering the musical.historic DEVELOPMENTMusic in America is an art that has a very long history in its development in form and content to the level it is now. The historians have established that it has taken hundreds of socio-economic classs to develop from its primitive form to the now sophisticated forms. (Lubbock1962) traces music in America way back in the year 1735. He argues that this introduced music did not originate from America itself tho from England.From those years on up to 1960,s the initial way of treating musicals underwent great transformation and many another(prenominal) people came into terms with music unlike in the past. As the year 1960 was dawning, Americans began to get enlightened about Musicals where they were in a position to define it and decree out its relationship with art according to (Gann 2000). Through continued development of interest in learning what music was, the people also became able to furbish up it with culture. It is also worthy noting that the various phases through which the American music underwent included the transformation of the places of performance.The first pieces of music were only played in the urban centres but it slowly filtered into the rural as time went by. According to (Gann 2000), the music was taken from the urban to the rural setting in the year 1961 and from there onward it spread out and widely spread to a greater extent into the interior like a bush fire. In 1980,s several individuals ventured into bettering the quality of the musical performed in the theatres which took the dimension created by the Americans more than that of Europeans.CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTThe culture of the people influences greatly the typecast of music they compose, the type of dance they use to accompany their songs and more so the kind of information they have on the present generation music. American musical has had a split of influen ce on the way the Americans perceive their abilities and identify their characters according to (Knapp 2005). In the same manner, the music the Americans borrowed from the Europeans took after the cultural practices of the natives of the country.Through the ages the American musicals saw a great transition in the way the Americans treated music in relation to their culture. It came a time when the stake holders in musicals began to present their cultures through the art of music especially holding cultural ceremonies where people got the opportunities to express their personalities as (Knapp 2005) confirms.The American musicians also were able to portray their culture through their manner of dressing during music play performances in the theatres. The twentieth century also was the year of making music as a source of earning personal living in addition to expressing the peoples beliefs and practices. (Crawford 2000) confirms that the art of music took the dimension of commercial-gr ade activity during its development during the twentieth century and a rapid growth as a business the common exercise of the day.By watching a clip of the American produced musical, one was in a position to analyse the type of culture the performers upheld from the way the dressed, their make-ups, the food they eat and the dancing styles which were adopted during music development time.FORM DEVELOPMENTThe form in which music first entered America is not the same style of music we play in America today. A great transition has occurred in the music industry in terms of the several classes of music which have hit in the country. Lubbock (1962) asserts that the first type of music to be played in America was Flora and this had its source from England.In this twenty first century, this kind of music can only be referred to as a legend and you may find that the current generation is not aware of the former existence of such kind of music. In the twentieth century, the American natives set out to develop their own style of music which indeed they did in two phases.The first phase was characterized by a lot of emulation of the pre-existing opera style of England which was later advanced. This first move by the upcoming American musicians constituted what was called the comedy music. The second phase of American musical development was the new form of music which was not derived from the European form.According to (Lubbock 1962) it was the Showboat which established the campaign towards developing American-produced music which came to be referred to as music play. Here the musicians could perform their own composed music in public. The music industry in the new form was since then continued by the other successors including Oklahoma and the others. Their establishments have since then not been out dated because music play and the prior styles are the only two ruling the American music industry.

China Market: Analytical Report Essay

As we will be entering into the business world in China in the future months, we have prepared a report on common business etiquette to be used when dealing with Chinese businesses. There are m either ship canal in which we can unintentionally ruin relationships with China, so it is important to choose your words wisely. The following ideals will help us to present the company in a favorable light, and to avoid jeopardizing any potential relationships with Chinese businesses.According to Williams (n.d.), Before you approach a civilian of china, be prepared to do the right greeting first. Proper greetings in china are generally a smile, good eye contact, politeness and a proper bow. The deeper the bow is, the more consider the Chinese believe you possess towards your acquaintance. These are considered a means of sincerity in their culture which will allow you to engage in further preaching with the business people you are making business with. Avoid informal greetings ilk Hey, ho w are you? insteatimed use a formal greeting like How do you do? or Glad to see you as they seem like improper and dis deferent in their culture.When referring to someone of importance in China, you commonly use their professional title rather than a Mr. or Miss. For example, use Chairman Freeman, rather than Mr. Freeman. This is important because it addresses your target with respect and shows that you acknowledge his or her posture in the company. (Executive Planet. China n.d.).Typically, before any serious business discussion can happen, casual conversation is encouraged to relate to the person to whom you are writing. unsloped topics to include are those through which you can relate, such as theweather, climate, and the geography of China. (Leung, 2008, p.21). Educating yourself on these subjects beforehand is very effective, as it will reflect well to your telephone receiver that you have a good initiative in learning more about Chinese culture. However, there are some subje cts to avoid discussing such as the history of China and Taiwan territory. (Executive Planet. China n.d.).Williams (n.d). has stated do not try to mention nor talk about religion in china. Even though China does have some basic religions like Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, they do not worship as much as other countries do such as the USA and Japan. It is important to respect their culture and not engage in a conversation which would include speaking about their religion in any way.If you go out to eat at a restaurant with a possible customer or future employee whom is Chinese, there are some plug-in manners that differ from that of westerners. For instance, a round table is more popular than the basic square table which is kn give birth in the western hemisphere. Make veritable that the guest of honor is always seated to the right of the host (I.E. the employer or employee). Make sure you seat your guests and invite them to enjoy their meal and sitting the guests nigh the wh ere the dishes are is disrespectful. Serving soda while on a business meeting is considered disrespectful to your guests. Ensure that you serve something more elegant like tea or distilled water, with the occasional beer and its important that you pour all your guests a cup of tea as it is not expected of the guest to pour their own tea.(Williams n.d).When writing the sales letter you should stay away from using colors because they can send a negative message. (Cimasko, 2010). It is important to make sure you nutriment your sentences short and concise and avoid using slang. Its important to bring a minimum of at least 20 copies of your sales letter as it shows that you are well prepared. (Executive Planet. China n.d.).When it comes to composing your sales letter, it is more common to take the indirect approach. For example in the Chinese culture, its more respectfulto use the words try or maybe instead of directly saying no. (Cimasko, 2010). Since the Chinese typically do not trus t right(prenominal) information you really must convince them that making business with your company would be in their best interest. Keep in mind not to appall anyone in your letter because embarrassment of a potential business partner would mean loss of that business. (Executive Planet. China n.d.).RecommendationFocus on how the job would be useful in China and avoid using slang or big words that would confuse our potential partners. Dont make the sales letter too flamboyant or colorful because that might seem disrespectful.ResourcesDeEdra Williams. China. Retrieved from http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/china.htm Executive Planet. China. Retrieved from http//www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=China Leung, C. (2008). Saving face time. Canadian Business, 81(21), 21-22. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Tony Cimasko. (2010, April 25). Writing for a Chinese Business Audience. Retrieved from http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/676/01/ Harmon, M. M. (2006). Business Research and Chin ese Patriotic Poetry How Competition for Status Distorts the Priority Between Research and teach in U.S. Business Schools. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 234-243. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Wilkinson, T. J., Thomas, A. R., & Hawes, J. M. (2009). Managing Relationships With Chinese Joint Venture Partners. Journal of Global Marketing, 22(2), 109-120. doi10.1080/08911760902765908

Should College Tuition Be Based on Major

Professor Johnson EC 111H 26 October 2012 The Problem with College Tuition Every year, students wishing to attend college are faced with the exorbitant price that comes with their prospective education. For many, the belief that it will play dividends in the long run is enough reason to pay the high price. However, college majors lease a wide variance of inducting median salaries, which leads to the question of whether or not guardianship should be based on your field of study.Students knowing they will be making less than another student after graduating should not be required to pay the same tuition. College tuition is too high. Since the demand for an education and the emerge of schools are both high, cost should be low. What we see, however, are colleges taking advantages of what masses see as necessary in todays society, a college degree, and raising the prices in cognisance people will pay it no matter what. Keeping the same system we pick up today will not fix the amo unt people are paid.Basing tuition off majors gage change what universities are charging for the better. However, there is the question on what majors you raise. Many argue that the high paying jobs should receive the increase, while others say the degrees in demand should stay the same or lower, while the other not as important majors deserve the raise. While the concept of basing tuition off majors sounds simple enough, it brings about a number of problems. The first and perhaps biggest problem is that the majors with a higher tuition receive would more funding.This leads to better professors, more resources, and an overall better education. Engineering majors, for example, have the highest average starting salary according to TIME Magazine. If their tuition was increased because of the potential monetary benefit, than the university would have the obligation to focus more on that major than a social work major, who are paid the least(prenominal) on average. Not only could it impact the universities allocation of funds, it could also influence peoples decisions on why they are picking a indisputable major.In the state of Florida, for example, they are trying to change the states public universities change to base tuition off of your major. Their belief is to keep the costs dump of the majors that are important to the state. If the state needs more social workers or engineers, then those costs would stay low, while other unnecessary majors tuition is increased. Also, there is again an emphasis in the programs the state needs, meaning the funds of the college are going to the degrees high in demand.If students only focus on what the state sees as important, it could cause a lack of students in other equally important majors. Some argue it is not fair to send a drama major deep into debt and leave an engineering major well of right out of school. However, if it will stimulate the economy and add more jobs, than you can argue putting an emphasis on higher demanded degrees is necessary. Since it is our own tax dollars that they are using at these public institutions, it is in our own interest to have students who will further our economy rather than be unemployed after graduation.On the other hand, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln charges on based on starting exit salary. They charge an wasted fifty dollars per credit in their business and engineering programs. They believe that since the programs are more demanding, take more resources to complete, and lead to higher salary If you look at the highest paid majors, you see it dominated by engineering and business degrees. A petroleum engineering major makes on average $98,000 out of college, while an political economy degree could earn you $48,500, but $94,000 in the long run.This is attractive to many students, who desire to be making high salaries. With the high salary comes voiceless work, and the hard work put in is worth more. Engineers, for example, require labs and experimen ts that cost large amounts of money. Doctors have to study in hospitals and take hand on classes that also consumes university budgets. On the other hand, English majors are focused more on their books, which are individually expensive, but dont cost universities much money.Universities should be obliged to allocate funds into the degrees that benefit them the most. They should not have to put as much money into a degree that does not make them money, as colleges are a business. There is no clear-cut choice on which way this system will work most effectively. It is obvious that both systems have their pros and cons. While one system favors government interest, the other favors university interests. Either way, people will be affective both positively and negatively. The way the state of Florida is approach path this looks stronger.If students who are going to help out the economy are rewarded by lower tuition, they will be more inclined to do so. And the degrees will start to vary, because once the need for doctors is filled, a state could now realize there is a need for economists. Also, if students are aware of what degrees business are most feeling for, than there will be a better chance of them being hired straight out of the completion of there degree. College tuition needs to change, and basing it on your major is a great way to start.

Commentaries on Catullus’ Poetry (Poems 72 & 42) Essay

There is great nuance and sensitivity in poem 72. We atomic number 18 told very early in the poem that it is addressed to Lesbia, Catullus love to whom a moderate number of poems in the collection atomic number 18 addressed (or concern). Earlier Lesbia poems had shown Catullus simple and insatiable love for my misfire1 in very romantic language for example, the disceptations describing the number of times he paying attenti integrityd that they could kiss, in poem 5, which caused Aurelius and Furius to describe Catullus as a sissy poet2.However, in poem 70 we begin to see Catullus expressionings for Lesbia turn sour as he tells us that a womans words to her lover are as trustworthy as those written on wind or water after presumably disbelieving her when she told him that there was no one she would or else marry than him, not even if asked by Jove himself3. If we assume that Lesbia was Clodia Metelli, we k promptly that she was already married, so if her words are not suggesting that she has turn over available, she must be describing an unfulfillable wish and it is perhaps the fact that she says these words but is unable to act on her marriage vow which causes Catullus to be so untrusting4. Compared to the outbursts of joy and fury in the poems of what has been depict as the first book, poem 72 is much cooler and more analytical5 Catullus here seems to be writing from his head rather than this heart.He uses, in the poem, two striking, and contrasting, similes to try to understand his love for Lesbia. He loved her (note the past tense) as a common might love his girl friend (72.3), but in addition to that he loved her also as a father might his sons and sons-in-law (72.4). This is touching because it obviously implies that the latter relationship might be closer, with more of a connection, than the former, and, most importantly, that Lesbia was as dear to him as a son would pack been, his own flesh and blood. Wray finds this comparison interesting bec ause it is evidence against the long-standing precondition that roman print paternity was a tyrannical and grimly loveless exercise of parental power6However, from here on in, the tone of love and affection darkens to one of cynicism. Now that he knows Lesbia he is has less affection for the woman. Catullus uses the language of obligation and Lesbia, as he sees it, has wronged him7. The poem ends with the enigmatic but powerful statement that, because of the impairment she has caused him, Catullus loves Lesbia more, but likes her less. At first, this may seem like nonsense and a contradiction in terms. However, when Catullus uses the verb amare (to love) he is describing his attraction to her, a kind of passion or natural allure, something that he seemingly has no control over. As much, and so, as he does not like Lesbia for what she has put him through (i.e. her adultery), his love for her clay from the simpler time when he wished to kiss you just so many kisses (7.9)Poem 85 is where Catullus perhaps expresses the ambiguity and seeming contradiction inherent in his feelings vanquishI hate and I love. Perhaps youre asking why I do that?I dont know, but I feel it happening, and am racked.We dismiss again see here clearly that Catullus is less a master than a subject8 of his emotions. The fact that he paints himself as being so emotionally powerless gives such poems as these a tragic quality it also, arguably, helps to make Catullus such a universal poet who can save touch people through the ages. Poem 73 also carries some of the injustice that Catullus had expressed in 72 the attack on a friend who is probably Rufus (though we do not realise that the poem is addressed to him until it becomes evident later in the collection) is because he has returned honest kindness with no more than ingratitude. We now realise why the lampoons on Rufus alternated with Lesbia-poems at 69-72.9 This whole section of Catullus collection is a study of betrayal and adverse emotions.In the very first line of poem 72, Catullus talks about himself in the third-person, and this seems to be a literary device which emphasises the fact that he is not in control it is Lesbia (and her actions) who is the subject of the poem. By declaring that his passion is more intense (72.5) Catullus leads us to think that he is about to, also, tell us how much he therefore loves Lesbia. However, by introducing the dichotomy in the last line between his love and dislike for Lesbia, our expectations are finally overthrown, which makes the contrast seem to be huge. It is by means of literary effects such as these that Catullus manages to express the almost inexpressible nuance of his emotion.This poem, ultimately, is most successful when read as part of the collection, as one can then spend links between the subtle issues in the Lesbia poems and see the complex web of emotions that Catullus paints for us. The development from a romantic, devoting relationship between Lesbia and Catullus to the trauma of that relationship breaking shoot down is fascinating, and may reflect the emotions of millions of people alive today in similar situations.Poem XLIIThis poem is perhaps most interesting because it in itself can be seen as an imitation of the romish practice of flagitatio10, which was a form of popular justice involving a crowd surrounding the man suspected of actus reus (or his house) whilst shouting roughly rhythmical phrases in unflattering language, demanding redress11. This was a very effective tactic because in a small community fear of obloquy was strong though it did, of course, rely on having friends willing to engage in the practice in order for what was seen as justice to be done. In this case, Catullus tells us that the crime was the theft of a notebook and the subsequent refusal to return it12. We can only speculate about the girl who stole them (though it has been inferred from the fact that she is described as an adulteress13 that she may well be Lesbia) and we also have just as little knowledge about what Catullus stolen notebook may have contained (and why it seems to be so precious to him) we may guess that it contained poetry, but that is no more than a guess.If that were true, the first two lines would contain a odorous irony Catullus deploys poetry himself, hendecasyllables, as his flagitatio mob. He orders the hendecasyllables to come from everywhere (42.2), to metaphorically surround her. The image is an intimidating one the lines of poetry have become men enclosing in on the suspect, shouting about her crime. When Catullus demands, Dirty adulteress, give back the notebook. Give back the notebook, corruptive adulteress (42.11-12), he is victimisation a technique common to flagitatio the reversal of word order belonged to a very old popular custom as a means of escalate the demand14. Catullus readership, we can sure assume, would have been aware of such devices and would at once have understood what C atullus was doing.Between the demands for the notebook, there is much invective and subvert hurled at the girl. Catullus tells us that she has an pitiable gait, a face like a Gallican puppys (42.9) and is a filthy trollop (42.13) and a brazen bitch-face (42.17). Newman describes this as a fine example of carnival caricature included for primarily humorous effect15. However, it is not hard to see how these lines could be intended to have a hurtful effect, too, shaming the thief into repentance.Catullus is also all too aware of his social superiority10 and may simply be arrogantly showing his swelled head by making such a fuss over the loss of his notebook. This idea can be seen in, for example, poem 84, in which Catullus mocks Arrius incorrect use of aspirates which is surely caused by the politicians less privileged upbringing Catullus attack, in this case as could be argued is the case in poem 42, is really then a display of his own aristocratic superiority. There is also a gener al link with poems such as 46, in which Catullus advertises his social status by documenting his travels with a sense of entitlement to faraway Roman lands.Perhaps the most pleasing feature of this poem is its conclusion. After all the fortissimo shouting, invective and carmina (chanting typical of flagitatio16), Catullus decides that he needs to change tone and tactics (42.22). He thus, seemingly sarcastically, ends the poem by asking for the notebook not by calling her a dirty adulteress but a virtuous lady (42.24), as we see that his invective has, somewhat comically, failed in its objective. On the other hand, the last line could more literally be interpreted as an acknowledgement of the flaws of this kind of public system of obtaining restitution. It does not seem unlikely that the girl would have responded more positively to flattery than flagitatio Catullus could thus be making a wider point about the role of invective in society.The poem, in the collection, sits between inve ctive poems on each side of it, with the previous three poems containing invective, some quite rude and obscene in poem 43, for example, Mamurras mistress is described as being ugly from head to toe and, in poem 41, Ameana is called the female fuck-up. Perhaps, then, poem 42 is in the perfect location to show Catullus invective being tempered it is in that poem that he shows that such anger does not always produce the desired effects. In poems 41 and 43, however, we are not shown any consequences of Catullus airing his opinions. We are simply told, in each, that there is an ugly girl in whom he is not interested there is not intended to be the nuance and waggery value that poem 42 contains.To conclude, Catullus adopting the form of flagitatio for this poem underscores the poets association with the traditional purposes and values inherent in Roman invective17 not only does he derive authority from the tradition of the technique, but it also allows him to attack her harshly and elo quently. However, ultimately, he couldnt force a blush from, in Catullus words, the brazen bitch-face. We, therefore, see the limitations of invective perhaps Catullus is admitting to us that we should see it as little more than entertainment.More importantly, though, the twist at the end of the poem is of rhetorical and comedic value and can, perhaps, be said to show Catullus eloquence. Moreover, the fact that he feels no qualms at using such openly offensive language can be attributed to the fact that Romans would surely have sympathised with his demands for justice in face of a thief and may, also, be a reflection of his superior social status (not to character reference the lower regard with which women were held generally) and consequent security in his right to show his anger in whatever way that he pleased. Ultimately, the poem makes character character assassination into an appealing and technically adept art.BibliographyDyson, J.T. (2007). The Lesbia Poems, in M.B. Skinne r (ed.), A Companion to Catullus (Oxford) 254-275.Fitzgerald, W. (1999). Catullan Provocations Lyric Poetry and the Drama of Position. London.Fraenkel, E. (1961). Catullus XLII, in J.H. Gaisser (ed.), Oxford Readings in Classical Studies Catullus (Oxford) 356-368.Newman, J.K. (1990). Roman Catullus. Bodenheim.Selden, D.L. (1992). Catullus and the Rhetoric of Performance, in J.H. Gaisser (ed.), Oxford Readings in Classical Studies Catullus (Oxford) 490-559.Tatum, W.J. (2007). Social Commentary and Political Invective, in M.B. Skinner, A Companion to Catullus (Oxford) 333-354.Wiseman, T.P. (1985). Catullus and his World A Reappraisal. Cambridge.Wray, D. (2001). Catullus and the Poetics of Roman Manhood. Cambridge.1 Catullus 2.1.2 cf. Catullus 16.3 Catullus 70.2.4 Dyson (2007) 269.5 Wiseman (1985) 166.6 Wray (2001) 112.7 Fitzgerald (1999) 117.8 Selden (1992) 541.9 Wiseman (1985) 167.10 Fitzgerald (1999) 62.11 Fraenkel (1961) 364.12 Catullus 42.4 (refuses to give me our notebook back).1 3 Catullus 42.1214 Fraenkel (1961) 363.15 Newman (1990) 192.16 Fraenkel (1961) 364.17 Tatum (2007) 337.

Compare and contrast identified similarities Essay

1)Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the pincerhood age groups.As a electric shaver moves from being a toddler through preschool to school-aged, they are faced with many challenges to overcome. Development growth, which is subject to the childs environment and sphere of influential tidy sum and pressures in their lives, is directly shaped and guided by their familys culture, religion and value/belief system.The differences are seen in how each developmental phase interacts and responds at heart each health assessment pattern. The toddler and preschool child need more structure and routine, whether its brushing their teeth, eating or bedtime rituals. School-aged children take the values and wise(p) behaviors of being a toddler and build upon them as they move toward building their own self-concept and sense of identity. There are similarities as the children strive for autonomy and the force to express themselves ve rbally. As the child continues to learn, they will develop an understanding of good behaviors and bad behaviors.Summarize how a support would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication other than with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer.When the nurse is caring for a child, the nurse must remember that they are essentially caring for two patients, the child and the parent (Jarvis, 2012). For a nurse, the assessment, examination and interaction with a child patient offer its own set of challenges and require a different approach from that of an adult. When dealings the toddler and preschooler, the nurse should interact with the caregiver, giving the child the opportunity to see the nurses interaction with their caregiver. This allows the child to see that the caregiver has accepted and trusts the nurse. For the toddler and the preschooler, the parent will be providing most, if not all of the health histo ry. With the pre-school-aged population, they may be the sole source of important data to the history (Jarvis, 2012).The nurse should audience the child and caregiver together, and they should be present at all exams. With children of each stage of development, the nurse must be cognizant of verbal and non-verbal cues provided by the child. The nurse should be mindful that there could be cultural and/or spiritual considerations to take into account, desire when undressing a child of the opposite sex. The nurse needs to underwrite that the caregiver and the child feel comfortable with and during the interview, assessment, examination and educational/patient teaching phases of the visit. Strategies that the nurse might incorporate include awareness of the various developmental stages that children go through. When performing a physical assessment of a child the nurse should be at eye level. When talking to the child and explaining concepts the nurse should subroutine simple languag e that they child can understand. The nurse should allow the child to hold instruments, like a stethoscope, during the physical exam to help them feel like they are involved in their own care. Sharing reading materials or media to look at can help divert their attention away from the nurse.

Position paper on General “Billy” Mitchell Essay

1.This paper addresses the demonstration of General Billy Mitchells USAF core determine of service before self and integrity. General Mitchell displayed these core values in the face of adversity. He was one of the few airmen who knew the potential of the airplane and fought for his beliefs, even at the cost of his own career.2.General Mitchell exhibited great courage and placed his service before himself during interservice rivalries following World War I. Even though he knew that his views would be greatly opposed, views that the Navy was obsolete, the Army was not fully effective without an air force, and that the air service was an offensive force equal to the other services, he presented his opinions to congress. He challenged the Navy and proved the effectiveness of air power by sinking Navy battleships. The Generals defiance and outspoken beliefs infuriated many leading of the Navy and Army. In 1925, his insistent attempts for a separate air force resulted in a demotion to C olonel. Later that year, the dirigible Shenandoah crashed. General Mitchell blamed military leading for incompetence and criminal negligence. This outcome of his accusations was his own court martial on October 25, 1925.3.General Mitchell represented integrity and perseverance by continuing his crusade for a separate air force, despite the setbacks he had endured. He met with public leaders and tried to gain support for his campaign. He improved his doctrine of air power, concepts and strategy, and he published material supporting strategic bombing. 4.General Mitchell is a hero in USAF history. He manifested the core values of the USAF to the highest degree, reflecting great credit upon himself. His drop dead opened the eyes of many that were blind to the impending importance of airpower and ultimately paved the way for a separate, independent, United States Air Force.

Byzantine Art Essay

un cartridge cliply saviourian artistry was highly influenced by religious, political, and pagan changes. In contrast to the classical, idealistic portrayal of man, Early delivery boyian art took a lots more than stylized approach to the depiction of man, with a neglected attention to human anatomy. The military issue matter of much of the art turned from secular to religious Christianity to be more specific. Constantine was the last emperor of the Roman pudding quarry to hold undivided power. Under his rule, Constantine created the Edict of Milan, granting religious tolerance to all religions. This was of particular importance to Christians, who had been previously persecuted due to their spiritual beliefs. Because of the Edict of Milan, many Christian buildings were erected in addition to the many secular buildings that were transform into Christian buildings. These buildings housed countless numbers of priceless religious artworks. ace such example is the Transfiguratio n of Christ photo Mosaic located in Saint Catherines Monastery in Sinai, Egypt.When Constantine moved the capital of the Roman pudding stone to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople (modern daytime Istanbul), the Empire separated. Upon the division of the Roman Empire, Justinian, The Last Roman Emperor, held power over the east Roman Empire from 527 to 565. Justinian was two a political and religious leader. Under his reign, many Christian buildings were constructed. Justinian oftentimes associated himself with savior Christ in the tangled artworks that these Christian buildings housed as a form of propaganda. The Orthodox church service now recognizes Justinian as a saint.Byzantine is a term used to describe eastern Mediterranean art from 330 to 1453, when the Turks conquered Constantinople (Strickland, 1992, p. 24). Mosaics were one of the most common forms of art during this period. They were intended to publicize the Christian creed by their religious subject matte r (Strickland, 1992, p. 25). Byzantine mosaics ar composed of small, colorful glass or stone squares and rectangles, called tesserae, embedded in wet cement or plaster. These tesserae were arranged in a manner by which they formed images. Typically, Byzantine mosaics are located on the walls and ceilings within a church apse and dome (Strickland, 1992, p. 25). The artists of these mosaics left the tesserae with jagged surfaces to create the sparkling, illuminated effect that distinguishes these mosaicsfrom those of other periods and places (Strickland, 1992, p. 25).The exteriors of Byzantine Christian structures were very vaporous in contrast to the elaborately decorated interiors. The awe-inspiring mosaics and icons brought the focus of the buildings to the interiors. Perhaps this was a method to circularize the word of God by attracting people to come inside the buildings.Byzantine Emperor, Justinian, ordered the construction of he Monastery of the Transfiguration, more comm only known as Saint Catherines Monastery because the relics of Saint Catherine of Alexandria are said to prevail been inexplicably transported thither, at the nucleotide of Mount Moses (Wikipedia, 2006). The monastery houses the Chapel of the Burning Bush, which was ordered built by Constantines mother, capital of Montana (Wikipedia, 2006). The Chapel of the Burning Bush is located at the site where Moses purportedly saw the burning bush (Wikipedia, 2006). Saint Catherines Monastery is now one of the oldest active monasteries in existence.The monastery survived Islamic dominance over the region due to a document that Mohammed supposedly signed himself, granting his protection over the monastery (Wikipedia, 2006). Saint Catherines Monastery allegedly gave Mohammed political asylum from his enemies (Wikipedia, 2006). In addition, a Fatimid mosque was built within the fortifications of Saint Catherines Monastery, thus creating upgrade protection of the monastery from Islamic invasi on (Wikipedia, 2006). Without the protection of Mohammed and the mosque, Saint Catherines Monastery would have been destroyed, and all of the irreplaceable artworks within its walls would have been lost.Byzantine mosaics contain many characteristics that distinguish them from the rest. The typical gold background of a Byzantine mosaic creates a sense of weightlessness within the figures, as if they are floating. Byzantine artists depicted sublime figures with halos, separating them from the other figures. With nude images having been forbidden, one can hardly make out the anatomy of the fully enclothe figures. Though it is evident that symmetry was greatly appreciated, it is also evident that the mosaics lack opinion.The figures depicted in the mosaics are flat and frontal facing with linear details. They are often slim with almond shaped faces and large eyes. The images depict little to no movement, creating a sense of stillness. These highly stylized Byzantine mosaics show tr im back for Greco-Roman ideals.On an expedition set out by the University of Michigan in search of sites to reveal in the Near East, the staff spent five days at Saint Catherines Monastery (Forsyth, 1997). They sight that the mosaics within the monastery had undergone little restoration since the time of Justinian (Forsyth, 1997). As a result, most of the works were in blighted condition and on the verge of collapsing (Forsyth, 1997). Mosaic restorers came in to save the mosaics, which could have been lost forever (Forsyth, 1997). aft(prenominal) they secured the mosaics, the restorers cleaned them (Forsyth, 1997). The mosaics now appear in their original state (Forsyth, 1997). One of the most known mosaics restored was the Transfiguration of Christ (Forsyth, 1997).The Transfiguration of Christ is located in the main church, Katholikon, in the apse over the high altar. The subject of this mosaic was an appropriate selection to portray in Saint Catherines Monastery because of its location at the foot of Mount Moses (Watson, 1999). In Christianity, the story claims that Jesus led three of his apostles, Peter, John, and James, to pray atop a mountain. It was here that Jesus transfigured, with his face shining like the sun and wearing lurid white clothing. On both sides of Christ, Moses and Elijah appeared. Overhead, a brilliant cloud appeared, and Gods voice emerged from the cloud proclaiming, This is my Son, the Beloved. Listen to him. It was then that Jesus spoke with Moses and Elijah about his upcoming death.The artist of this mosaic is unknown because artists went unrecognized until much later. This mosaic is in the form of a triumphal arch, bordered by medallions occupying the busts of the twelve apostles, fifteen prophets, Longinus the Abbot, John the Deacon, two angels, and a Greek cross in the top, center (Watson, 1999). Jesus Christ is depicted in the center of the mosaic with black hair and beard. He was placed in an oval mandorla with a cross and a bright yellow circle depicting his illumination behind his head.Rays of light are shown coming from Christs body. In addition to the mandorla depicting Christs holiness, this was done to make Christ the emphasis of the mosaic as well as to distinguish him from the other figures. Elijah is shown on one side of Christ, while Moses is shown on the other. Beneath Christ, Peter, John, and James are portrayed with awe (Watson, 1999).The Transfiguration of Christ contains all the elements of Byzantine mosaics. It has a bright gold background. The figures are dematerialized and one cannot tell which figures were intended to be floating and which are not. One can hardly make out the figures beneath the clothing and the only skin shown is on the figures faces, hands, and feet. tout ensemble the figures were placed symmetrically around Christ, making him the focus of the mosaic. The halo and mandorla around Christ show his holiness. solely slight movement is shown through the figures poses. The figures are very flat, despite the attempts of the artist to show shadow and overlapping. tout ensemble of the figures are slender with almond shaped heads and large eyes. One can hardly see perspective when observing this mosaic.In conclusion, religion, politics, and culture had a significant influence on The Transfiguration of Christ, and all Early Christian art for that matter. With the Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity, the focus of art turned from secular to religious, changing the course of art forever. The Edict of Milan made it possible for Christians to practice their spiritual beliefs openly, leading to Early Christian art. Early Christian art can be credited with the spread of Christianity. One might wonder if Christianity would be as prominent as it is today had it not been for these artworks, or would it have died off a long time ago. Without Early Christian art, one might wonder when or how todays modern day art would have evolved.

The challenges that meet the education system reform

Educational remainss all over the universe were called to turn to the planetary dis channelisement in societal, policy-making and frugal conditions. This displacement required to reexamine whether it was traveling to maintain gait with planetary learnings. Along with different enterprises, the gisting establishment was whateverway identified as one that required to be evaluated. It needed to be enhanced to run into the new challenges in these yearss. The pupils coming out of the educational system should hold the indispensable cognition and doings to count the state to new highs of technological, economic and societal development.The background to the survey is that the Universal annunciation of Human Rights ( 1948 ) clarified that instruction should be free and compulsory for all people. Since the Declaration, the universe has tried to take stairss to accomplish this end. Education is the central point of attending across many states because it has a bearing on all facets of development. For illustration, if people obtain the necessary literacy and accomplishments, they freighter be employed, taking to increased economic development. other facet is that skilled people show much pass oningness to take part in administration. Active passage of arms will diminish societal f skillful. Education can give people assurance and create comparison in the society. ( 2005. Dissertation Paper )The importance of instruction was recognized in the World Education gathering in 1990, Education for All ( EFA ) . It emphasised that radical instruction should be made available to everyone and illiteracy should be appreciably reduced by the terminal of the 20th century ( 2001 UNESCO ) . Since EFA, many states have reviewed the instruction system and related policies in their states. EFA said that acquiring instruction for everyone constituted a cardinal right this was alike an equal right of all people.Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) declared th e completion of cosmopolitan primary instruction ( UPE ) . All states are required to supply primary instruction. The ground why instruction is so much emphasised once more is because instruction will increase productiveness and net in adopts of make believeers, and energise up the economic system. ( 2005 Dissertation Paper. )From the Czech Republic to Spain, from Austria to the UK, higher instruction reform is high on the political docket of legion states. The particular features of the educational reforms and their exact timing may differ, but non their boilersuit ends and push. Recognition and an consciousness of internationalist tendencies have been on the rise ( Van der Wende 2000 ) as shown by comparings across states, based on OECD publications. It non merely shows the defects, but besides challenges traditional perceptual experiences that place educational establishments and universities alone in the cultural domain ( Pechar 1999 73 ) and about higher instruction s funct ion. ( Helga A. Welsh 2004 )The focal point of this country of proposed survey relates to the instruction systems reforms. Hence, I will clear up in this explore some ways of reconstituting the instruction system and how it can be appropriately modified to accommodate the carrys of Qatar. Reasons for mend any educational system will besides be discussed. There are a set of challenges in planing or implementing the educational reforms, which will besides be the topic of my treatment.BackgroundIn general, Globalization and new engineerings spare people to portion education quickly and supply an extraordinary opportunity to states all over the universe to set the value and efficiency of their instruction systems. Hence, enhanced instruction secures a better hereafter for the people, encourages economic growing and a holistic development, doing the universe a truly planetary small town. Governments should take a particular attack to reform its educational policies. Whilst going a portion of the planetary small town may look attr industrious, authorities intercession is necessary to guarantee that such a alteration is managed. This is so that cultural, moral, societal values of the society are preserved, and non on the whole mutilated.Qatar is little Arabian province in the Arab disjunction with a little population that the leading had an aspiration to develop in all its facets. Development in the country of instruction is the key to economic and societal development. The RAND Corporation s services were engaged ( RAND is a nonprofit research organisation holding conducted nonsubjective surveies, provided helpful elucidation, and produced effectual consequences on the challenges go about by the public and private systems in the universe ) . It was made to analyze the current system and give its recommendations. It was to place new policies options and implement the appropriate option that matched the demands of the State. This was to accomplish the holis tic development, as Qatar invested to a great conclusion in gas and oil industries since it has one of the largest gas Fieldss in the universe, which is its pass wealth.The ground for this measure was because the fantasyary, His highness the Emir of Qatar besides sees instruction as the key to Qatar s economic and societal advancement. His Highness consult that the state s instruction system was non bring forthing consequences of high-quality and was inflexible, outdated, and resistant to reform, made him inquire the RAND Corporation in 2001, to reexamine the kindergarten to rate 12 ( K-12 ) instruction system in Qatar. Qatar wished to hold assorted options for developing a world-class instruction system in line with other Qatari stairss it was taking for societal and political alteration. In November 2002, the State of Qatar officially embarked on the Education for a New Era ( ENE ) reforms and couch up a new K-12 instruction system.The ENE had as its overall ends the better ment of pupil results ( more often than not defined ) , sweetening in the problem-solving and vital-thinking accomplishments of pupils, to supply them with the chance to socialise and play a more active function in their communities and civic civilization, and topographic point the State of Qatar as a universe drawing card in instruction.East northeast reforms were commenced by Qatar to take sensed short-comings in the quality of the K-12 instruction offered to its pupils. front to ENE, many of Qatar s pupils were retained each twelvemonth, tutoring after school was normal as parents felt that their kids were non inclined sufficient acquisition in Ministry schools, and most secondary school alumnuss were besides non appropriately prepared to come in selective postsecondary establishments or take up science- and technology-related occupations. This deficiency of quality resulted from a figure of jobs prove in the instruction system as a whole ( Brewer et al. , 2007 ) . The Minis try of Education did non hold the vision to implement its ends or to originate alteration. Alternatively of being proactive, it reacted to jobs as they arose, adding sections or procedures in a bit-by-bit manner instead than with a consistent vision in head.The Ministry s hierarchal organisational construction did non promote betterment or alteration. Although the Ministry was really structured, parents, instructors, and other stakeholders did non cognize to whom to travel to for their suggestions or ailments because the lines of authorization were obscure. Similarly, there appeared to be small attempt from the Ministry to near its stakeholder population and understand its demands.Students were taught an out-of-date and stiff course of study, and instructors had to followMinistry-directed lesson programs each twenty-four hours. Added to this, there were excessively many topics to cover in the clip allotted, ensuing in fiddling content coverage.Initial reappraisal of the informati on reveals that overpowering Numberss of instructors are non satisfied with the professional development of instructors at present. A figure with the relevant responses is presented belowoFigure 1 -Zellman, Ryan, Karam, Constant, Salem, Gonzalez, Orr, Goldman, Al-Thani, Al-Obaidli ( 2009 )Capacity edifice stairs are surely called for. With the complete focal point on bringing and lecture, few chances existed for student-teacher interaction in the schoolroom. The talk manner besides did non let instructors to accommodate their attacks for pupils with changing abilities larning in the Ministry schools was based on rote memorisation.There was really small authorization or flexibleness for school decision makers. The Ministry designate principals to edifices, assigned instructors and other staff to schools, and provided furniture, equipment, text editions, and all other instructional stuffs.Finally, the system did non ease public video display rating for either the module or the pupi ls. Although instructors were held accountable for put to deathing the centralised course of study, no 1 was held accountable for pupils public presentation. There were no system-level ends for pupil results instructors and decision makers could non estimate whether their attempts were increasing pupils cognition or bettering their accomplishments.To turn to the jobs of the Ministry system and better the asperity and quality of Qatar s instruction system with the end of localization Qatari alumnuss to lend to and take part in a globalized economic system and an progressively participatory province, Qatar s leading pursue a comprehensive instruction reform instead than aim one constituent of the instruction system ( Gonzalez, Vi-Nhuan Le, Broer, MarianoJ. Froemel, Goldman, DaVanzo 2009 )The design and the execution of the reforms present an attack for developing a criterions and choice-based system along with the traditional system.The undermentioned subdivision further elaborat es upon the grounds for, and aims of the proposed research.Aims and Research QuestionThe purpose in this thesis is to review and analyze the challenges that occur when be aftering to modify an educational administration, or planing to reconstitute a state s educational strategy, or in implementing a reform plan. I will besides see the grounds that make the reform indispensable, for case, to run into the demand of labor markets, to make holistic development in all facets and discourse many grounds that lead to a important alteration in the educational system. In decision, the case of how the reform can be achieved, in the instance of Qatar, will besides be examined. This is based on the undermentioned cardinal research inquiries1-What are the challenges that can be faced when we set out to reform an educational system?2- Why is at that place a demand to reform any educational system?3- How can we reform the educational system in Qatar?The higher up inquiries are answered through an in-depth analysis of the available literature.Methodology and Methods of Data aggregationThe methodological analysis adopted will center upon the usage of secondary informations to reply the aforesaid inquiries and formulate decisions.Secondary informations reappraisalSecondary informations aggregation low will chiefly be through the cyberspace. Leads will be obtained from net resources, they will be explored and articles, diary documents, research documents and books will be reviewed, for seeking replies to the three aforementioned inquiries.Secondary informations aggregation and reappraisal will embrace studies and publications by international organisations, such as the United Nations, ( UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP ) , and other documented documents on international state reform programmes associating to instruction.Significant work has been done by the high research organisation, The RAND Corporation, associating to the educational system in Qatar. Published stuff on this topic and t heir, findings, suggested solutions and impact of implementing their solutions will be analysed.A critical qualitative reappraisal of bing and relevant literature available will be used for this research. It has besides been suggested that more qualitative work demands to be done to look into the resources employed in the medium of learning focus in the more evidently successful schools. In add-on, consequences other than merely trial tonss, such as graduation rates, college attending, or parental satisfaction, should besides be considered in broadening the definition of successful schools. These can be compared with the test-based standards to measure whether the assorted steps conflict with other stairss taken ( Gonzalez, Tanner and Goldman. 2009 ) .RestrictionsRestrictions that could impede the accomplishment of the proposed consequences of the research will besides be elaborated upon. Thus, dependance on secondary resource actor that information will be taken from other beginn ings and as such might non be wholly applicable in replying the inquiries posed. Contradiction in authorised mechanism and literature could oppugn the dependability of the information on instruction reform. The clip besides could be another restriction for this research. In fact, three months is non sight to transport out a comprehensive and thoroughly research work and to cover the available literature. For that ground, the chief indispensable literature may non be covered owing to restricted timeframe. However, I will work hard to cover the most known resources to transport out the research. The findings will clear up any restrictions in the information in giving the derived result.

Europe On The Eve Of World War I Essay

World war I, or The bang-up War, actually arisinged on June 28, 1914 upon the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian national. This light-emitting diode to a serial of battles upon the eventual formation of the Central Powers made up of Ger many an(prenominal), Austro-Hungary, the Turkish Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, and they fought against the Entente Powers made up of Russia, France and Great Britain.However, since Europe stumbled unexpectedly into war in the summer of 1914,1 the question remains as to which of the major countries that fought the First World War were most prepared in terms of economy and military strength and which were not. Britain Among the Entente Powers during WWI, Britain was actually considered the greatest colonial positionfulness and confirmed the greatest navy. 2 However, it is also a fact that during that prison term Britain was universe increasingly gainsayd by France and Russia3 and Ge rmany.The British in fact increased their warship production with theWilliam R. Griffiths and doubting Thomas E. Griess, The Great War (2003) 1. 2. Ian Westwell, World War I Day by Day (1999) 7 3. ibid. 4. Spencer Tucker, The Great War 1914-18 (1998) 3 intention of war5 and in fact had a series of wars with Africa in 1899. Britain, along with the other great European mights, embarked on an coat of arms race that ran in tandem with the scramble for colonies,6 which simply means that the reason they improved their armies and navies was because they needed to protect far-flung colonies and maintain a balance of military power with their neighbors in Europe.7 During the primal twentieth century, Britain launched HMS Dreadnought, a battleship incorporating several new technologies that was far superior to any vessel afloat in 19068 This was in some manner the reason why other European powers especially Germany began improving and building their own dreadnought-type battleships9 bec ause they power saw a sudden vulnerability of their costly fleets. 10 However, one rumor was that the British recognized the ocean competition from Germany as a threat to their existence,11 though the naval arms race mingled with these two powers would continue until the eve of the war.5. Westwell, 7. 6. ib. 8. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid, 9. 10. Ibid. 11. Griffiths and Greis, 5. 12. Ibid. It is give tongue to that naval arms race between these two powers would continue until the eve of the war. 13 Nevertheless, by 1914, Germany had a navy consequence only to Englands. 14 Economically, it is said that Britain, along with France and Germany, was ready for the Great War. The most important influence upon British and the rest of the European military during those times was in fact the largess bestowed upon European societies by the industrial Revolution.15 It is said that a wealth of goods, rising productivity, and material well-being16 were brought about by the factories of the la tter half of the 19th century. This period of economic growth all over Europe led to the greater availability of education for the lower classes and that better and to a greater extent widespread educational opportunities enabled citizens to comprehend more readily themilitary affairs of the state. 17 This perhaps encouraged nationalism among the people of the various European nations.Consequently such feelings may have similarly encouraged rivalries with other nations. Thus, the soil for the war was robust and all it needed was the seed which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 13. Griffiths and Greis, 5. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid, 6 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. France As early as 1870, France had considered itself and had been considered by others the leading military power of Europe.18 It was defeated by Germany during the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 scarcely it was not stated whether this war was really a showcase of the French military moreover rather it meant a lasting an tagonism19 with Germany. Nevertheless, despite being a military power in the late 9th century, France had its entireprovince of Alsace seized as well as part of a second province, Lorraine. 20 Germany Since the empire became united in 1871, imperial Germany had rapidly emerged as the dominant industrial and military power21 in Europe and such created a potentially explosive situation.It was also believed that by the start of the twentieth century, Germany was creating a first-class navy, which was in fact considered the most obvious and dramatic illustration of Germanys surging power in many spheres. 23 Such was the 18. Neil M. Heyman, World War I (1997) 5. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid. greatness of the military strength of Germany in the early 20th century. In addition to that, Germany also had an economy that was emerging as one of the strongest in the whole of Europe.Since 1870, Germanys industry had grown so rapidly that this part of Europe, which had supplie d immigrants to the Western Hemisphere for more than a century, straight imported labor from Poland. 24 Twentieth century Germany was actually home to higher education and scientific research and a system of social insurance for its working class and in fact, the country could rob itself on being a world leader. Germany also prided itself with a great leader during that time. The ruler of Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was practically considered as the embodiment and often the director of Germanys restless energies.25 By the late 19th century, Kaiser Wilhelm II earned the respect and friendship of a few ambitious military leaders who were against Britain and who would want to challenge it to war. One of these military leaders was Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the Secretary of State of the Imperial Naval Office of Germany at that time. Moreover, Kaiser Wilhelm II also had his own imperialist ambitions as well for he considered the German navy a tool of external power26 and even decla re it to Prime Minister Arthur Balfour of Britain in 1902, many years before the outbreak of WWI.In fact the Kaiser sought to play 24. Heyman, 5. 25. Ibid, 6. 26. Ibid. politics, and repeatedly declared that he was determined to make Germany not just dominant in European affairs but in the world and had a desire for a German-dominated central Europe. 27 Such was the measure of Wilhelm IIs ambition and resolve. The Kaisers biographer even wrote, Only with a fleet could Germany be able to educe from the British the esteem Wilhelm II believed to be his due. 28Germany was indeed already a strong power in the early 20th century many years before the outbreak of the Great War. It is said that the security of Austria-Hungary, the weaker of the Central Powers, was even guaranteed by Kaiser Wilhelm II since late 1912. 29 Such was the strength of Germany at that time that they could even guarantee the protection of the territory of another country in addition to their own. Conclusion On the eve of World War I, Britain, France and Germany were all ready for the war that was to ensue.However, among the three, Germany seemed to be the most prepared especially when it came to the military, specifically the development and advancement of its naval warships as well as powerful leadership in the person of Kaiser Wilhelm II. On the other hand, France, although a leading military power of Europe at that time, was in fact torn apart by Germany during the 1871 Franco-Prussian War, hence was not impressively strong compared to Britain and Germany.27. Tucker, 3. 28. Heyman, 6. 29. Westwell, 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY Griffiths, Williams R. and Griess, Thomas E. The Great War. New York Square One Publishers, Inc. , 2003. Heyman, Neil M. World War I. Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. , 1997. Tucker, Spencer. The Great War 1914-18. indium Indiana University Press, 1998. Westwell, Ian. World War I Day by Day. New York The Brown Reference Group, Plc. , 1999.